{"id":4407,"date":"2025-10-07T23:57:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-07T23:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/?p=4407"},"modified":"2025-09-28T21:27:11","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T21:27:11","slug":"buyukbas-hayvan-yetistiriciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/buyukbas-hayvan-yetistiriciligi","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f Hayvan Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de uzun vadeli en karl\u0131 i\u015f fikirleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yapmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorsan\u0131z bilmeniz gereken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar ve ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftirmek zahmetli ve kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015ftir. E\u011fer tek ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131za veya 2-3 ki\u015fi ile bu i\u015fi yapmay\u0131 planl\u0131yorsan\u0131z, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimal ile b\u00fct\u00fcn vaktinizi bu i\u015fe odaklaman\u0131z gerekecek. Ayr\u0131ca yasal olarak da bir\u00e7ok konuda bilgi sahibi olmal\u0131 ve i\u015fin her noktas\u0131nda dikkatli ve \u00f6zverili olman\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n<p>Bu rehberde b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yaparken akl\u0131n\u0131za gelebilecek her konuda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara yer vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Yaln\u0131zca bu rehber ile bile\u00a0b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi yapabilirsiniz. Kapsaml\u0131 ve el kitab\u0131 olabilecek d\u00fczeyde bilgiler sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z&#8230;<\/p>\n<h3>\u0130\u015eLETME KURULUMU<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k; y\u0131lda 365 g\u00fcn, haftada 7 g\u00fcn, g\u00fcnde 24 saat emek istedi\u011finden<br \/>\n\u00f6ncelikle sevilerek yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir i\u015f kolu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Pazar imkanlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda karl\u0131 bir i\u015fletmecilik faaliyetinin yap\u0131l\u0131p<br \/>\nyap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle i\u015fletmenin kurulmas\u0131 ve<br \/>\ni\u015fletilmesi halinde avantajl\u0131 ve dezavantajl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ortaya koyacak fizibilite raporu<br \/>\nhaz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rapor do\u011frultusunda faaliyete ba\u015flan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde, tecr\u00fcbenin (usta-\u00e7\u0131rak) ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmada<br \/>\n\u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli (10 y\u0131ldan az) yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftiricilikten kar elde edilmesi imkans\u0131za yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Verim \u00fczerinde her zaman \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rlerinin, genetik fakt\u00f6rlerden \u00e7ok daha<br \/>\nfazla etkili oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r (bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7evre etkisini % 70, genetik<br \/>\nfakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc % 30 olarak hesaplamaktad\u0131r).<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetleri, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7mesi gereken bir i\u015f kolu olmas\u0131<br \/>\nnedeniyle toprak, su y\u00f6netimiyle birlikte ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u0131rk\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k gerekli olan kaba yem miktar\u0131 4,5 ton<br \/>\nolarak hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. 4,5 ton kaba yem, yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 ton m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 ile 1,5 ton kuru<br \/>\nota (yonca, fi\u011f, arpa-yulaf-bu\u011fday has\u0131l\u0131, korunga vb.) denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu nedenle<br \/>\nkurulacak veya kurulu hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmesinin kaba yem \u00fcretimi yapabilece\u011fi<br \/>\nhayvan ba\u015f\u0131na en az 2,5 d\u00f6n\u00fcm sulu veya 5 d\u00f6n\u00fcm kuru arazisi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yem \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in arazisi bulunmayan i\u015fletmelerin uzun d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fama<br \/>\n\u015fans\u0131n\u0131n olamayaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmelidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hayvansal at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7evre<br \/>\nmevzuat\u0131na uygun bir \u015fekilde bertaraf edilerek, topra\u011f\u0131n beslenmesinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<br \/>\ni\u015fletmeyi y\u00fczy\u0131llara ta\u015f\u0131yacak bir \u00f6m\u00fcr ba\u015f edecektir.<\/li>\n<li>Bitkilerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda, tohumun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra toprak, su ve hava da b\u00fcy\u00fck<br \/>\nbir \u00f6nem sahiptir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara do\u011fru bir rasyon (diyet) haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, rasyonun temel<br \/>\nbile\u015feni olan bitkilerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyi bilinmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fik yerlerde ve \u015fartlarda<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftirilen yem bitkilerinin ayn\u0131 besin de\u011ferlerine sahip olmas\u0131 beklenemez. Bu nedenle<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerde \u00f6ncelikli hedef, rasyonu tarlas\u0131nda\/\u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131nda haz\u0131rlamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yeti\u015ftirilme \u015fartlar\u0131 bilinmeden, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan yem ham maddeleri ile haz\u0131rlanan<br \/>\nrasyonlarda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00fcrprize haz\u0131r olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Son y\u0131llarda kurulan s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmeleri i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar\u0131n ortak yan\u0131,<br \/>\nkaliteli kaba yem \u00fcretimine sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olanlar\u0131n ortak yan\u0131 ise yeterli<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyde kaba yemi \u00fcretecek arazilere sahip olmamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Yani ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131r\u0131, iyi kalitede<br \/>\nve yeter d\u00fczeyde kaba yem (yonca, \u00e7ay\u0131r otu, korunga, fi\u011f + yulaf, has\u0131llar\u0131n kurutulmu\u015f<br \/>\notlar\u0131 ve silaj) \u00fcretiminden ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlarda, verimli bir \u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00fcresinin (productive life)<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmas\u0131nda i\u015fletmenin kaliteli kaba yem \u00fcretim kapasitesi 1.derecede rol<br \/>\noynamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletme giderlerinin % 60-70\u2019ni olu\u015fturan yemin, kaliteli ve ucuz \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in<br \/>\nya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya suyu bol olan ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak olmayan b\u00f6lgeler tercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>10\/8\/2005 tarihli Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131nlanan \u201c2005\/9207 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015fyeri A\u00e7ma ve<br \/>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Ruhsatlar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Y\u00f6netmelik\u201d kapsam\u0131nda yer se\u00e7iminin uygunlu\u011fu,<br \/>\nimar plan\u0131 karar\u0131 gerekip gerekmedi\u011fi konusunda de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletme<br \/>\nkurulu\u015funda yer se\u00e7imi ve planlama iyi yap\u0131lmal\u0131, imar, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00e7evre mevzuat\u0131<br \/>\ndikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131, gerekli olan izinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n zaman alaca\u011f\u0131 hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><div class=\"kanews-banner kanews-banner-single\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7693909293842411\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- haberigo1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7693909293842411\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7868552274\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<h3>ALTYAPI GEREKS\u0130N\u0130M\u0130<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Yol (her iklimde a\u00e7\u0131k, geni\u015fli\u011fi en az 3,5 m ),<\/li>\n<li>Su (1 b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f sa\u011fmal hayvan\u0131n ortalama g\u00fcnl\u00fck su ihtiyac\u0131 150 L. Ayr\u0131ca<br \/>\n+30\u00b0C ve \u00fczeri s\u0131cak havalarda bir sa\u011fmal hayvan\u0131 serinletmede kullan\u0131lacak du\u015f i\u00e7in<br \/>\ng\u00fcnl\u00fck 250 L\/ba\u015f ek su hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r),<\/li>\n<li>Elektrik garanti edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Yo\u011fun ve\\veya riskli hayvan hareketlerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 besicilik b\u00f6lgeleri ile ana<br \/>\nyollara yak\u0131n yerlerde \u00f6zellikle salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k riski nedeniyle dam\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ekonomik bir s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in arazi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulundurularak en az 10 ba\u015f sa\u011fmal hayvanla i\u015fe ba\u015flanmal\u0131, kazand\u0131k\u00e7a hedeflenen<br \/>\nekonomik i\u015fletme b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 100 b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f sa\u011fmal hayvanla kurulacak i\u015fletmedeki hayvan<br \/>\nmevcudunun; farkl\u0131 ya\u015flardaki hayvanlarla birlikte ilerleyen y\u0131llarda 100 ba\u015f sa\u011fmal X<br \/>\n2,5 = 250 ba\u015f hayvan olaca\u011f\u0131 planlamada unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bir inek canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 8\u2019i kadar g\u00fcbre (d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 + idrar) \u00fcretir. Bu ba\u011flamda<br \/>\ni\u015fletme kurulumunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak at\u0131klar\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresel sorunlar, \u00e7evre\u00a0mevzuat\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde i\u015fletme kurulumunda ciddiyetle ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke hayvansal at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7evreye zarar vermeden de\u011ferlendirebilece\u011fi arazi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015fletme kapasitesini\/hayvan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgenin hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yapmaya elveri\u015fli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ny\u00f6n\u00fcnde, faal veya gayri faal kom\u015fu i\u015fletme sahipleri\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine<br \/>\nba\u015fvurulmal\u0131 ayr\u0131ca meteorolojiden (www.mgm.gov.tr ) iklim verileri al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Veterinerlik hizmetleri \u00f6ncelikle s\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ve planlamas\u0131n\u0131n bir<br \/>\npar\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeli, bu ba\u011flamda kaliteli hizmet al\u0131m\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet\u00e7e verilen faiz indirimli krediler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda orta veya k\u0131sa vadeli kredi<br \/>\nkullanarak, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmesinin kurulmas\u0131 ve faaliyetlerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin<br \/>\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamayaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>T.C. Ziraat Bankas\u0131 A.\u015e. ve Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatiflerince (TKK) Tar\u0131msal<br \/>\n\u00dcretime Dair D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Faizli Yat\u0131r\u0131m ve \u0130\u015fletme Kredisi Kulland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Karar<br \/>\nve Uygulama Esaslar\u0131 Tebli\u011fi y\u0131ll\u0131k bazda yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. Karar kapsam\u0131ndaki<br \/>\nyat\u0131r\u0131m ve i\u015fletme kredisi ba\u015fvurular\u0131, i\u015fletmenin kurulaca\u011f\u0131 veya bulundu\u011fu il\\il\u00e7edeki<br \/>\nBankaya veya TKK\u2019ya yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fvurular Banka ve TKK\u2019n\u0131n kendi usul, esas<br \/>\nve mevzuatlar\u0131 dahilinde de\u011ferlendirilir ve uygun bulunanlara kredi kulland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa devlet\u00e7e verilen y\u0131ll\u0131k te\u015fvik ve destekler<br \/>\nhttp:\/\/www.tarim.gov.tr\/SGB\/TARYAT adresinden takip edilmeli, detayl\u0131 bilgiler<br \/>\ni\u015fletmenin kurulaca\u011f\u0131 il-il\u00e7e g\u0131da tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam metabolizmas\u0131 \u00e7ay\u0131rlar<br \/>\n\u00fczerinden in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in s\u00fct neyse, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde<br \/>\n\u00e7ay\u0131r otu odur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BARINAK<\/h3>\n<p><strong>BARINAK YERLE\u015eKES\u0130:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse se\u00e7ilen yer, tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fsiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k sitesi (ah\u0131r,<br \/>\ngezinme alan\u0131, yem depolar\u0131); drenaj\u0131 zor, d\u00fcz arazilere yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Tesislerin<br \/>\nkurulaca\u011f\u0131 arazinin hafif e\u011fimli (% 2-5) ve topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irgen olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a<br \/>\n\u00f6nemlidir. Olanak var ise, e\u011fimin g\u00fcney cephesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 tercih edilmelidir.<br \/>\n\u00dclkemizde maalesef yer se\u00e7iminde ciddi hatalar (ana yolla yak\u0131n, d\u00fcz ve verimli araziye,<br \/>\n\u00e7ukurda kalan yerlere, dere yataklar\u0131na vb.) yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletme kurulacak yerin y\u00fcksekte olmas\u0131, ya\u011fmur kar sular\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131naklardan,<br \/>\nyem depolar\u0131ndan uzak tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi s\u0131cak havalarda serinlik ve<br \/>\nkuruluk y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de avantaj sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u0130htiya\u00e7 halinde sert r\u00fczgarlara ve<br \/>\nkara kar\u015f\u0131 r\u00fczgar bariyerleri olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar \u00f6zellikle i\u00e7me suyu kaynaklar\u0131na, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak noktalara veya dere<br \/>\nyataklar\u0131na in\u015fa edilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar ana yoldan ve yerle\u015fim yerlerinden en az 500 metre mesafede, sanayi<br \/>\nb\u00f6lgelerinden ve fazla g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc, tozlu alanlardan uzakta olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklardan, hakim r\u00fczgarlar ile yerle\u015fim birimlerine olas\u0131 toz ve koku<br \/>\nta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirecek bir yer se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6lgedeki bar\u0131naklar ve yap\u0131lar g\u00f6zlemlenerek, \u00e7\u0131karsamalar\/tecr\u00fcbeler mutlaka<br \/>\nkarar s\u00fcrecine dahil edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yolu verimli araziye sahip olmaktan ge\u00e7mektedir.<br \/>\n\u00dclkemizde verimsiz ve e\u011fimli arazilere i\u015fletme kurma imkan\u0131 varken, maalesef<br \/>\nd\u00fcz ve taban suyu y\u00fcksek 1. S\u0131n\u0131f tar\u0131m arazilerine kurulmu\u015f i\u015fletmelere s\u0131kl\u0131kla<br \/>\nrastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Taban suyu y\u00fcksek, d\u00fcz araziler \u00f6zelikle sinekler i\u00e7in uygun ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131<br \/>\nolu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Sineklerin mekanik zararlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hayvanlarda mastitis,<br \/>\nLSD, Mavidil gibi hastal\u0131klara sebebiyet verebilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Merada daha az g\u00f6r\u00fclen kavgac\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 yaralanmalar, kapal\u0131<br \/>\nbar\u0131naklarda olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Bunun ana sebeplerinden birisi hayvan\u0131n fiziksel ve<br \/>\nsosyal olarak ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n yeterince kar\u015f\u0131lanmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Kavgac\u0131\u00a0(sinirlilik) davran\u0131\u015fla hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na ayr\u0131lan alan ( durak, yemlik, gezinti, sa\u011f\u0131m alanlar\u0131 vb.) aras\u0131nda z\u0131t y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle durak, yemlik, suluk, gezinti ve<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131m alan hesaplamalar\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na uygun rahatl\u0131k esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fe ba\u015flarken bar\u0131nakta hayvanlar\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, yem yedi\u011fi, gezindi\u011fi ve sa\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nyerler ile yem da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, g\u00fcbre temizli\u011fi ve di\u011fer bak\u0131m i\u015flerinin kolayl\u0131kla<br \/>\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilece\u011fi alanlar\u0131n do\u011fru bir tasar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131larak, ba\u015fta i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<br \/>\nolmak \u00fczere i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, makine, ekipman ve enerjiden tasarruf edilmelidir. K\u0131saca<br \/>\nbar\u0131naklar ve depolar yorucu olmamal\u0131, g\u00f6steri\u015ften uzak, havadar ve fonksiyonel<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Besi ah\u0131rlar\u0131, s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 ah\u0131rlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak<br \/>\n\u00fclkemizde astar\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnden pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu bu t\u00fcr d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere maalesef zaman, zaman<br \/>\nrastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar; yerelde kolay ve ucuz bulunan malzemeler kullan\u0131larak, hayvanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nya\u015fam tarz\u0131na ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na uygun in\u015fa edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131nak tasar\u0131mlar\u0131nda; bakteri, mantar, parazit ve vir\u00fcs art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan, temiz<br \/>\nhavay\u0131 garantileyen kuruluk esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar; hayvan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caktan, so\u011fuktan ve g\u00fcne\u015ften, kirli havadan, y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nnemden, \u00e7amurdan ve hava cereyan\u0131ndan koruyacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\/yeti\u015ftiriciler, bar\u0131nak in\u015fas\u0131nda i\u00e7 ortam\u0131n her zaman<br \/>\nhavadar, kuru ve temiz kalmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden ziyade daha \u00e7ok so\u011fu\u011fa<br \/>\nodaklanmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu durum s\u0131kl\u0131kla bar\u0131naklarda hava kirlili\u011fi ve rutubetin<br \/>\ny\u00fckselmesi\/artmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama g\u00fcne\u015fli g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu\/rahat etti\u011fi temiz ve kuru ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamada bir\u00e7ok<br \/>\nb\u00f6lgede duvars\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131k ah\u0131r sistemleri (so\u011fuk iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde kuzeyi kapal\u0131) daha<br \/>\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 veya r\u00fczgarl\u0131 havalarda hayvan<br \/>\nbar\u0131naklar\u0131nda duvar vazifesini g\u00f6recek brandal\u0131 r\u00fczgar perdesi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda fayda<br \/>\nvard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sundurmal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k serbest b\u00f6lmeli bar\u0131naklar\u0131n kuzey g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yerle\u015fimi ile<br \/>\ng\u00fcne\u015fin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ve kurutucu etkisinden yararlan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Serbest duraklar \u00fczerinde maksimum hava ak\u0131m\u0131 ile so\u011futma etkisi yapacak<br \/>\n\u015fekilde g\u00f6lgelikler olu\u015fturularak, s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresi azalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede; giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, hayvan faaliyetlerinin izlenmesi i\u00e7in 7\/24<br \/>\nkamera sistemi olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar, bar\u0131naklarda hayvan\u0131n refah\u0131na odaklanmaktan ziyade,<br \/>\nsermayesini g\u00f6steri\u015fli hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131na harcayarak i\u015fe ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r (beton ah\u0131r<br \/>\ng\u00f6sterisi). Kaliteli kaba yem \u00fcretimi, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ve dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvan i\u00e7in gerekli olan<br \/>\nkaynak, in\u015faata harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, i\u015fletme daha kurulu\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbm edilmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct S\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 Ah\u0131r\u0131nda<\/strong>; Sa\u011fmal hayvan, buza\u011f\u0131 (ferdi ve serbest dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nkul\u00fcbesi), gen\u00e7 hayvan b\u00fcy\u00fctme, do\u011fum, lohusa, hasta hayvan ve karantina b\u00f6lmeleri<br \/>\nile sa\u011f\u0131m \u00fcnitesi, yem ve g\u00fcbre depolar\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nGenel olarak bir s\u00fct s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kompozisyonu<br \/>\n% 45- 50 inek<br \/>\n% 22- 21 d\u00fcve<br \/>\n% 11- 10 di\u015fi dana<br \/>\n% 16- 15 buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\n% 6 &#8211; 4 reforme + di\u011ferleri<\/p><div class=\"kanews-banner kanews-banner-single\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7693909293842411\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- haberigo1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7693909293842411\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7868552274\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<p><strong>Silaj ve yem depolar\u0131 (silolar)<\/strong>; silaj\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zel kokusunun ah\u0131r ve<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mhaneye gelmemesi ve esen r\u00fczgar\u0131 kesmemesi i\u00e7in hakim r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersine<br \/>\nin\u015fa edilmelidir. Silaj ve yem depolar\u0131 yan yana kurularak, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcnden tasarruf<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yem depolar\u0131 ah\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda serin ve havadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yemin depolanmas\u0131nda her bir ton i\u00e7in;<\/li>\n<li>Kesif yemde (m\u0131s\u0131r, bu\u011fday, arpa, soya vb. ) 1,5 m\u00b3,<\/li>\n<li>Silajda 1,5 m\u00b3,<\/li>\n<li>Balyal\u0131 otsu kuru kaba yemlerde (yonca, korunga, fi\u011f vb.) 7 m\u00b3<br \/>\ndepo hacmine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Metabolizma hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle gebeli\u011fin son d\u00f6nemlerinde hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na en az 9-10 m2 serbest gezinme alan\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131nak sistemlerine g\u00f6re yemlik ve suluklar, yem ve sudaki kirlenme ile hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki rekabeti en az d\u00fczeye indirecek \u015fekilde dizayn edilmelidir. S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na 60-70 cm yemlik alan\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplarda bile dominant hayvanlar\u0131n bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 her b\u00f6lmede en az iki adet suluk konulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Oluk halinde kullan\u0131lacak suluklarda her 15 inek i\u00e7in 1 m\u2019lik uzunluk hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Suluklar dakikada 20 litre su sa\u011flayacak debiye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yemlikler; mekanik ve kimyasal dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek, tozumayan, anti bakteriyel ve antifungal ortamlar sa\u011flayan, hijyenik, temizlenmesi kolay olan epoksi boya (kaplama) ile boyanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m salonuna girmeden \u00f6nceki bekleme yerleri, sa\u011f\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re<br \/>\n\u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilmelidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde inekler maksimum 1 saat bekletilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct so\u011futma tank\u0131; i\u015fletmede \u00fcretilecek 2 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fct\u00fc depolayacak kapasitede<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n ka\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun yerlere ka\u015f\u0131nma f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131 konmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Son y\u0131llarda azalsa da \u00fclkemizde d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131 duvarlarla \u00e7evrili, \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli<br \/>\nmalzemeyle \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, yani kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarson derece yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu kez yeterli pencere<br \/>\nalan\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma bacas\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmayan, b\u0131rak\u0131lsa da \u00f6zellikle k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda tamam\u0131<br \/>\nya da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kapal\u0131 tutulan bu ah\u0131rlarda gaz odas\u0131 iklimi hakimdir. Bu tip ah\u0131rlar\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda yemleme, g\u00fcbre \u00e7\u0131karma, sa\u011f\u0131m ve sulama gibi en \u00f6nemli i\u015flerin<br \/>\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde b\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 zorluklar ve yetersizlikler ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Bar\u0131nak in\u015fas\u0131nda<br \/>\nveya onar\u0131m\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m temel kriterler asla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BARINAKLARDA HAVALANDIRMA<\/h3>\n<p>Irk\u0131 ve ya\u015f\u0131 ne olursa olsun s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n performans\u0131ndan en \u00fcst seviyede yararlan\u0131lmak isteniliyorsa,<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131n bar\u0131naklardaki temiz hava ihtiyac\u0131 eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131 ve bar\u0131nak zemini d\u00fczenli olarak temizlenmelidir. Sa\u011flanacak olan temiz hava ve zemin, verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ayak ve solunum sistemi ile di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde elzemdir.<br \/>\nPn\u00f6moni, \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullarda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan (refah yetersizli\u011fi) hayvanlarda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve bar\u0131naklarda kapasitesi nispetinde hayvan bulundurulmas\u0131, zeminin iyi drene edilmesi, farkl\u0131 ya\u015flardaki hayvanlar\u0131n birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve iyi bir havaland\u0131r\u0131lma sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile \u00f6nlenebilmektedir. \u0130yi bir do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma, nemli havay\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak vir\u00fcs ve bakterilerin d\u0131\u015f ortamda ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcremelerini engeller. Bu engelleme i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma yeterlidir. Yapay havaland\u0131rman\u0131n (fan) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi durumlarda ise sistem, manuel olarak veya nem sens\u00f6rleri taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmeli, asla bir termostat taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fal Havaland\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma; r\u00fczgar ve i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 etkisiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen<br \/>\nhava de\u011fi\u015fimidir. Do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma bina i\u00e7erisinde ideal ortam\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda en<br \/>\nverimli ve en ekonomik sistemdir. Havaland\u0131rma sisteminin amac\u0131, gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz<br \/>\nbar\u0131naktaki her hayvana temiz havan\u0131n devaml\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nHavaland\u0131rma oran\u0131, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131na, r\u00fczgar\u0131n s\u00fcresi, h\u0131z\u0131 ve y\u00f6n\u00fcne,<br \/>\nyak\u0131n \u00e7evrede bulunan tepe, a\u011fa\u00e7 ve bina gibi engeller ile binadaki hava giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f<br \/>\na\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m ve yerle\u015fimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Binalar, h\u00e2kim r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcne dik a\u00e7\u0131yla<br \/>\nkonumland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda do\u011fal havaland\u0131rmay\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fal havaland\u0131rmada hedef;<\/strong><br \/>\n1- Bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisindeki fazla \u0131s\u0131 ve nemin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, mikroorganizma, toz ve gazlar\u0131<br \/>\nuzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak,<br \/>\n2- Temiz havan\u0131n bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde, do\u011fru h\u0131zda\/ak\u0131mda e\u015fit ve standart da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ortalama r\u00fczg\u00e2r h\u0131z\u0131, 1,9 m\/sn\u2019dir. Bu de\u011fer, do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\ntasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir binan\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal havaland\u0131rmayla gerekli hava de\u011fi\u015fimlerini<br \/>\nsa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli kuvvetin olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Esintinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nzamanlarda binada, temiz havayla kirlenmi\u015f havan\u0131n yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi i\u00e7in baca<br \/>\netkisinden yararlan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bar\u0131nak i\u00e7inde hayvanlardan s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lan s\u0131cak hava ve nem, bina<br \/>\ni\u00e7indeki en y\u00fcksek nokta olan \u00e7at\u0131dan \u00e7\u0131kamazsa yo\u011funla\u015farak bina i\u00e7inde kalacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\nHava so\u011fudu\u011funda zemine su olarak (yo\u011fu\u015fma) geri d\u00fc\u015fecek ve bakterilerin geli\u015fimi<br \/>\ni\u00e7in uygun bir ortam yaratacakt\u0131r. %75 in \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131l nemde patojen<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar hayvandan hayvana yay\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak kadar bir s\u00fcre canl\u0131<br \/>\nkalabilirler. Ancak %75 in alt\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131l nem seviyelerinde vir\u00fcsler sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mdan (nefesle<br \/>\nverme) sonra hayatiyetini kaybederler. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00fclkemizde hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda nem oran\u0131, mikroorganizmalar\u0131n 40 dk canl\u0131 kalabilece\u011fi bir ortam\u0131n<br \/>\nolu\u015fmas\u0131na imkan vermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fal havaland\u0131rmada, giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n do\u011fru dengelenmesi gerekmektedir. S\u0131cak hava binan\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kabiliyorsa, yan giri\u015fler yoluyla binan\u0131n i\u00e7erisine do\u011fru temiz<br \/>\nhava \u00e7eker. Bu hava de\u011fi\u015fimi baca etkisinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f,<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rma giri\u015finden en az 1,5 m yukar\u0131da olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k r\u00fczgar perdeli havaland\u0131rma (ideal). Yan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktan giren temiz hava,<br \/>\nortamda bulunan zararl\u0131 gazlar\u0131, nemi ve s\u0131cak havay\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00c7at\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eriye yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<br \/>\nDuman y\u00f6ntemiyle (teneke i\u00e7inde tutu\u015fturulacak samanla) bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131n her<br \/>\nnoktas\u0131nda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolay bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirebilir. Mekanik bir<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rma \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fiziksel iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mekanik Havaland\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tasar\u0131mdan kaynaklanan nedenlerle do\u011fal havaland\u0131rman\u0131n yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ndurumlarda veya hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nyerlerde s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresinin etkilerini azaltmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dikkatli<br \/>\ntasarlanmalar\u0131 veya iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda do\u011fal<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok az bina vard\u0131r. Ancak bu konu ciddi bir<br \/>\nm\u00fchendislik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Mekanik havaland\u0131rma sistemini kurmadan<br \/>\n\u00f6nce, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak i\u015fletme ve bak\u0131m maliyetleri mutlaka de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca<br \/>\nmekanik havaland\u0131rman\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu yerlerde ar\u0131za uyar\u0131 sistemleri de bir<br \/>\ngerekliliktir.<\/p>\n<p>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir inek kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rda, g\u00fcnde 20-25 m\u00b3 gaz<br \/>\n\u00fcretir. Bu ba\u011flamda kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda; ah\u0131r\u0131n rutubeti ve \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hayvan<br \/>\nsa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temiz havan\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde sa\u011flanmas\u0131 en \u00f6nemli \u00f6ncelik<br \/>\nolarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fiziki\/konfor bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131, havan\u0131n<br \/>\ntazelenmesini \u00f6nleyerek ortamda kirli hava ve nemin birikmesine, kirli ve nemli hava<br \/>\nda enfeksiyon ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n (bakteri, vir\u00fcs, mantar, parazit) ya\u015famas\u0131na ve \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na<br \/>\nsebep olmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca havaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc olan bir bar\u0131nak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in risk<br \/>\noldu\u011fu gibi bu t\u00fcr ortamlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda isteksizlik de yaratacakt\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la bar\u0131nak<br \/>\nyap\u0131m\u0131nda;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Duvars\u0131z ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarl\u0131 havalarda kapat\u0131lmak \u00fczere branda r\u00fczgar<br \/>\nperdeli bar\u0131naklar tercih edilmelidir. Ancak \u015fiddetli r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu y\u00f6ne<br \/>\nyar\u0131m duvar veya tamamen duvar \u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu durumda da yaz\u0131n esintiden<br \/>\nmahrum kal\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde yar\u0131m duvarl\u0131<br \/>\nyap\u0131lar (yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ah\u0131rlar) zeminde kuruluk sa\u011flamada, i\u00e7erde biriken gaz\u0131n ve<br \/>\nnemin at\u0131lmas\u0131nda, duvars\u0131z yap\u0131lara (a\u00e7\u0131k ah\u0131rlara) g\u00f6re daha k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu<br \/>\ng\u00f6zlemlenmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Buna ra\u011fmen \u00fclkemizde b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar; g\u00fcvenlik, co\u011frafik \u015fartlar ve\/veya<br \/>\ngelene\u011fe (al\u0131\u015fa gelmi\u015fli\u011fe) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda tutulmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131<br \/>\nkapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda tutman\u0131n bir di\u011fer s\u00f6ylemi de so\u011fuktan korumakt\u0131r ki bu hi\u00e7te<br \/>\ndo\u011fru de\u011fildir. Yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmada; al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve yeterli yem vermek<br \/>\n\u015fart\u0131yla \u201325 0C kadar inen \u0131s\u0131larda bile s\u00fct ve besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n verimlerinde<br \/>\n\u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015fme olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eayet kapal\u0131 ah\u0131r yap\u0131lacaksa, yeterli havaland\u0131rman\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in duvar<br \/>\ny\u00fcksekli\u011finin 50 ba\u015fa kadar en az 3,5 m, 50-200 ba\u015fl\u0131k i\u015fletmelerde ise 4,25 m<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda pencere alan\u0131n\u0131n taban alan\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131cak, orta ve<br \/>\nso\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde s\u0131ras\u0131yla; 1\/10, 1\/15 ve 1\/20 oranlar\u0131nda, baca a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ise 1<br \/>\nm\u00b2 taban alan\u0131 i\u00e7in 3-3,5 cm\u00b2 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi bildirilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Kirli havan\u0131n ortamdan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in pencereler \u00e7at\u0131ya yak\u0131n<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 havaland\u0131rma \u00e7ok az havaland\u0131rmadan her zaman daha iyidir\u201d prensibiyle<br \/>\nkapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda mutlaka yeterli d\u00fczeyde havaland\u0131rma sistemleri kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nHava giri\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak taze<br \/>\nhava giri\u015fini garanti edecek yeterlilikte olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in asla havaland\u0131rma<br \/>\nk\u0131s\u0131tlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>So\u011fuk havalarda v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda en etkili ve ekonomik y\u00f6ntem kuru<br \/>\nve kal\u0131n sap altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. So\u011fuk hava gerek\u00e7esi ile havaland\u0131rman\u0131n<br \/>\nk\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 halinde ortamda biriken nem ve kirli gazlar, mikroorganizmalara<br \/>\nyatakl\u0131k etmekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda hayvan\u0131n v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 reg\u00fclasyonunu da<br \/>\nbozmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda, bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131n belli<br \/>\nk\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda hava cereyan\u0131na (h\u0131zl\u0131 hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131) yol a\u00e7ar. Hava cereyanlar\u0131 v\u00fccut<br \/>\n\u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011finden hayvanlarda strese yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle<br \/>\nbar\u0131naklar hayvanlar\u0131 hava cereyan\u0131ndan korumal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ge\u00e7erli r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc dikkate al\u0131narak, ana giri\u015f kap\u0131lar\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma giri\u015fleri<br \/>\nayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BARINAKLARDA \u00c7ATI<\/h3>\n<p>Ah\u0131rlarda duvar y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, tesisin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin iklimi ve ah\u0131rdaki<br \/>\nhayvan yo\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte en az 3,5 metre, \u00e7at\u0131 e\u011fiminin ise en az<br \/>\n% 26 olmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fckselen kirli s\u0131cak havan\u0131n tahliyesini,<br \/>\nd\u0131\u015far\u0131dan i\u00e7eriye temiz hava giri\u015fiyle birlikte \u00e7at\u0131 e\u011fimi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ya\u011fmur ve<br \/>\ng\u00fcne\u015fin d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131 ve hayvan\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmemesi i\u00e7in sa\u00e7ak izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm geni\u015fli\u011finin di\u015f<br \/>\nduvardan en az 40 cm uzakta olmas\u0131 arzulan\u0131r. \u00dclkemizin bol g\u00fcne\u015fli iklim karakteri<br \/>\nnedeniyle \u00e7at\u0131larda olu\u015fan s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7eriye yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in \u00e7at\u0131larda ek<br \/>\ntedbirlere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Hava\/gaz ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fini engelleyen ve nem yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na<br \/>\nneden olan naylon, ziftli bez gibi maddelerle ah\u0131r tavanlar\u0131 kaplanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nHava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u015farj olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7at\u0131da engeller bulunmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bar\u0131naklarda Yatakl\u0131k ve Duraklar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 inekler g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131nda en az 12 saat yatar ve yatma s\u00fcresinin<br \/>\nyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da gevi\u015f getirerek ge\u00e7irirler. Yat\u0131\u015f hareketi her g\u00fcn 10 \u2013 15 kez tekrarlan\u0131r, her<br \/>\nbiri 60 \u2013 80 dakika s\u00fcrer. Ya\u015fl\u0131 inekler, gen\u00e7 ineklere nazaran daha uzun s\u00fcre yatma<br \/>\ne\u011filimindeler. Bu s\u00fcrenin azalmas\u0131, gevi\u015f getirme s\u00fcresini azaltaca\u011f\u0131 gibi t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn,<br \/>\ni\u015fkembeyi tamponlama potansiyelini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecektir. \u0130nekler yatma esnas\u0131nda zemine<br \/>\n25 \u2013 30 cm kala kendilerini yere b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131ndan, beton gibi sert zeminlerde altl\u0131k<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda, ayak ve diz yaralanmalar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r. Hayvanlar beton<br \/>\ngibi sert y\u00fczeylerde yatmaya zorland\u0131klar\u0131nda yatma s\u00fcrelerinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayakta<br \/>\nge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcrenin ise artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Islak ve sert bir zeminde uzun s\u00fcre ayakta<br \/>\nkalmak verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra asidoz, ayak ve eklem sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemizde s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinde hayvanlar\u0131n yatma ve dinlenme<br \/>\nyerlerinde kuruluk ve yumu\u015fakl\u0131k sa\u011flayan altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131nda ciddi oranda sorunlar<br \/>\nbulunmaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, s\u00fct i\u015flemelerindeki ineklerin v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nkabul edilemez d\u00fczeyde kirli oldu\u011fu (% 70\u2019lere varan) bu nedenle de ayak, meme ve<br \/>\n\u00fcreme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sa\u011f\u0131m hijyeni sorunlar\u0131na s\u0131kl\u0131kla yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Kirli<br \/>\nve \u0131slak yatak zeminlerin, buza\u011f\u0131larda sindirim ve solunum sistemi hastal\u0131klar\u0131na,<br \/>\nd\u00fcvelerde de mastitise davetiye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130nekler, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00fcretken olabilmeleri i\u00e7in severek yatabilecekleri yumu\u015fak,<br \/>\nkuru ve rahat bir zemine ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bu ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yatak yerlerinde yumu\u015fakl\u0131k ve kuruluk sa\u011flayan; sap-saman, kum, tala\u015f,<br \/>\nkau\u00e7uk, kuru g\u00fcbre vb. maddeler kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mikrobiyel \u00fcremeye olanak tan\u0131mamas\u0131 ve iyi bir bas\u0131\u015f imkan\u0131 vermesi<br \/>\nbak\u0131m\u0131ndan, en uygun yatakl\u0131k materyali kumdur. Ancak; kumun yenilenmesi<br \/>\nve g\u00fcbre sisteminden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 yani y\u00f6netimi zor olmakla birlikte sa\u011fmal<br \/>\nineklerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve refah\u0131na yapaca\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmeyecek kadar<br \/>\ny\u00fcksektir.<\/li>\n<li>Ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131; kau\u00e7uk yatakl\u0131 bar\u0131naklarda, kum<br \/>\nyatakl\u0131k kullan\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksektir. \u0130nekler kum, sap\/saman veya tala\u015f<br \/>\nyatakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kau\u00e7uk yataktan daha \u00e7ok tercih etmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Hangi tip altl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na karar verilirken; fiyat, temin etme kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\naltl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konfor ve y\u00f6netimi ile i\u015fletmenin d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 tahliye ve y\u00f6netimi gibi<br \/>\nfakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bar\u0131naklarda duraklar; kullan\u0131lacak atl\u0131k materyaline g\u00f6re tasarlanmal\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri<br \/>\nhayvan refah\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Durak say\u0131s\u0131 toplam hayvan say\u0131s\u0131ndan %10 daha fazla olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Duraklar\u0131n g\u00fcbrelik ve idrar kanal\u0131na do\u011fru e\u011fimi %1-2 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nek yatakl\u0131\u011fa girdikten sonra, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yatmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>BARINAK ZEM\u0130NLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp kaymalar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve mastitisi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in uygun<br \/>\ntarzda in\u015fa edilmelidir. Maalesef \u00fclkemizde hayvan refah\u0131n\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bozan kaygan<br \/>\nbeton zeminlere s\u0131kl\u0131kla rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bar\u0131nak ve sa\u011f\u0131mhane zemini d\u00fcmd\u00fcz olmamal\u0131, belli aral\u0131klarla p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc veya<br \/>\n\u0131zgaral\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Beton zemin olan yerlerde, ineklerin kaymamas\u0131 i\u00e7in 1 cm<br \/>\nderinlikte baklava dilimi \u015feklinde yivler a\u00e7\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ah\u0131r\u0131n uzunlamas\u0131na yani idrar kanal\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcbre \u00e7ukuruna do\u011fru e\u011fimi %1<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kap\u0131larda e\u015fik bulunmamal\u0131, kap\u0131 giri\u015flerine antiseptik i\u00e7eren ayak banyolar\u0131<br \/>\nkonulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131rnakta k\u0131r\u0131lmalara ve batmalara neden olabilecek zemine ta\u015f \u00e7ak\u0131l<br \/>\nd\u00f6\u015fenmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Toprak zeminler, iyi bir bak\u0131m ve g\u00fcne\u015fin kurutucu etkisi sayesinde hayvanlar<br \/>\ni\u00e7in konforlu olabilir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>At\u0131klar\u0131n Depolanaca\u011f\u0131 Alanlar <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hayvansal at\u0131klar \u00e7evre mevzuat\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde depolanmal\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcbre<br \/>\nolarak topra\u011fa verilmelidir. Tesislerdeki kokunun \u00e7evreyi rahats\u0131z etmemesi i\u00e7in b\u00f6lge<br \/>\nhakim r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sa\u011fmal bir inek g\u00fcnde ortalama canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 8 (600 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktaki<br \/>\nbir inek 48 kg d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve idrar ) kadar at\u0131k \u00fcretir. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 g\u00fcbre deposu, 6 ayl\u0131k<br \/>\nat\u0131k stoklayacak kapasitede yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 at\u0131klar, s\u0131v\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen olmayan alanlar ve kapal\u0131 kanallardan<br \/>\nge\u00e7irilerek ah\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kapal\u0131 konteyn\u0131rlarda veya e\u015fde\u011fer emisyon azaltma<br \/>\ntedbirleri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f yerlerde depolanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde hayvansal at\u0131k ve g\u00fcbreler yeralt\u0131 suyuna kar\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131, g\u00fcbrenin<br \/>\nd\u0131\u015far\u0131 ak\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gezinti yerlerinde, sa\u011f\u0131m salonlar\u0131nda kolay y\u0131kama tesisat\u0131<br \/>\nolu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri \u00e7\u0131kan hayvan g\u00fcbresini bo\u015faltabilece\u011fi, yeterli tar\u0131msal<br \/>\naraziye sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c7iftlik G\u00fcbresi<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 ve kat\u0131 at\u0131klar\u0131\\d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131 ile<br \/>\nyatakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7iftlik g\u00fcbresinin hayvansal \u00fcretim<br \/>\nsonucu olu\u015fan bir at\u0131k olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesinden daha \u00e7ok, bitkisel \u00fcretimde bir girdi<br \/>\nolarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bu nedenle, \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresinin ah\u0131rdan temizlenmesinden<br \/>\ntarlaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na kadar uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle i\u015flenmesi zorunludur. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7evre<br \/>\nkirlili\u011fini \u00f6nlemek ve bitki besin kayb\u0131n\u0131 en az d\u00fczeye indirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecektir.<br \/>\nBitki besin maddelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 50\u2019si s\u0131v\u0131 at\u0131klar i\u00e7erisindedir. \u00c7iftlik g\u00fcbresi bir<br \/>\nolgunla\u015fma devresi ge\u00e7irip mineralize olduktan sonra bitkilere yararl\u0131 forma<br \/>\nd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Beklenilen yarar\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in mineralizasyon olay\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nolu\u015fumu s\u00fcrecinde g\u00fcbredeki kay\u0131plar\u0131n minimum d\u00fczeyde tutulmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7iftlik g\u00fcbresi;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ba\u015fta topra\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, su tutma kapasitesini, rengini ve \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler.<br \/>\nAyr\u0131ca su ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r erozyonuna dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Toprak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tanecikli<br \/>\nh\u00e2le getirerek topra\u011f\u0131n daha iyi su tutmas\u0131n\u0131, tava gelmesini ve kolay i\u015flenmesini<br \/>\nsa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>Bitkinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn besin elementlerini i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6zellikle<br \/>\nazotun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Suni g\u00fcbrelemede tek \u00e7e\u015fit besin maddesi<br \/>\nverildi\u011finde bitki ve meyvelerde kalite d\u00fc\u015fer fakat \u00e7iftlik g\u00fcbresi; \u00fc\u00e7 ana besin<br \/>\nmaddesinin (azot (N), fosfor (P) ve potasyum (K)) yan\u0131nda di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok besin<br \/>\nmaddesi ve iz elementlerini de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bitkinin dengeli beslenip tat ve<br \/>\nlezzet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygun hale gelmesini sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>Bitki besin maddelerini y\u00fczeyde tutarak bitkilerin yararlanmas\u0131na haz\u0131r bir<br \/>\n\u015fekilde k\u00f6klere sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvansal ve bitkisel art\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesiyle olu\u015ftu\u011fundan i\u00e7erisinde<br \/>\norganizmalar i\u00e7in gerekli olan elementleri kapsar. Mikroorganizmalar, topra\u011f\u0131n<br \/>\nbiyolojik \u00f6zelliklerini d\u00fczenlenmesinde ve topraktaki besinlerin bitkiler i\u00e7in<br \/>\nelveri\u015fli h\u00e2le d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcbre en az 3 ay olgunla\u015fmadan tarlaya verilmemelidir. G\u00fcbrenin atma<br \/>\nzaman\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde topra\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcnyesi, b\u00f6lgenin ya\u011f\u0131\u015f durumu, arazinin e\u011fimi<br \/>\nve yeti\u015ftirilecek bitki \u00e7e\u015fidi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7iftlik g\u00fcbresi; ince tekst\u00fcrl\u00fc<br \/>\n(hafif b\u00fcnyeli) ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 fazla olan b\u00f6lgelerde ilkbaharda, az ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve kaba<br \/>\ntekst\u00fcrl\u00fc (a\u011f\u0131r b\u00fcnyeli) topraklara sonbaharda verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve d\u00fczensiz olarak bekletilen hayvansal at\u0131klar; hava, r\u00fczgar ya\u011fmur<br \/>\ngibi tabiat \u015fartlar\u0131 ile daha fazla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmas\u0131 sonucunda alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u0131slak ve<br \/>\nsulu, \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ise gev\u015fek ve kuru kal\u0131r. Bu durumda g\u00fcbrenin her taraf\u0131nda e\u015fit bir<br \/>\nolgunla\u015fma olmayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi gaz h\u00e2linde azot kayb\u0131 da fazla olmaktad\u0131r. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerinde bulunan kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 at\u0131klar\u0131n kontroll\u00fc ko\u015fullarda depolanmas\u0131, gerek<br \/>\n\u00e7evre (hava, su, toprak) kirlili\u011fi, gerekse bitki besin maddesi kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi<br \/>\na\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. A\u00e7\u0131kta depolanan g\u00fcbrede, 6 ayl\u0131k depolama s\u00fcresi<br \/>\ni\u00e7erisinde besin maddelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 50\u2019sinin kaybolaca\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>SICAK STRES\u0130 ve KORUNMA<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Normal v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine neden olan etkenlerin bile\u015fkesine<br \/>\n\u201cs\u0131cak stresi\u201d denir. S\u0131cak stresinin etkilerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilece\u011fi en temel g\u00f6sterge v\u00fccut<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fct ineklerinin normal v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 (rektal) 38,8\u00b0C, \u00b1 0,5 \u00b0C olup, 39,3\u00b0C<br \/>\n\u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 halinde s\u0131cak stresi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f demektir. S\u0131cak stresi ba\u015fta inekler olmak<br \/>\n\u00fczere t\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131n performans ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemini etkileyerek, do\u011frudan veya<br \/>\ndolayl\u0131 yoldan ekonomik kay\u0131plara sebebiyet vermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar metabolizma faaliyetleri sonucu ortama s\u00fcrekli olarak \u0131s\u0131,<br \/>\ngaz ve su buhar\u0131 yayarlar. S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda son 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<br \/>\nsonucunda s\u00fct verimleri yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 kat artm\u0131\u015f, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131ca\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da<br \/>\n\u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Performans art\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkisi ile bir arada<br \/>\nde\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, ileriki y\u0131llarda s\u0131cak stresinin s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde gittik\u00e7e<br \/>\ndaha fazla oranda zararl\u0131 etkiye sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n ortama yayd\u0131klar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131, gaz ve nem miktar\u0131; hayvan\u0131n c\u00fcssesine, canl\u0131<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ya\u015f\u0131na, \u0131rk\u0131na, rasyonuna, verimine, ortam\u0131n S\u0131cakl\u0131k Nem \u0130ndeksine (SN\u0130)<br \/>\nve k\u0131l \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>500 kg\u2019l\u0131k canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip bir s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131; \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 15\u00b0C olan bir ortamda<br \/>\nsaate yakla\u015f\u0131k 650 gram, 27 \u00b0C de ise 900 gram su buhar\u0131 yaymaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nToplam 6,5 kg kuru madde t\u00fcketen bir s\u00fct ine\u011fi, rasyonun kompozisyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolarak de\u011fi\u015fmekle beraber saatte 250-300 gr civar\u0131nda gaz\u0131 ortama salmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00fcksek verimli inekler, ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kurudaki (s\u00fctten kesilmi\u015f)<br \/>\nineklerden daha fazla \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcnde 18 litre s\u00fct veren bir inekkurudaki inekten % 28, 31 litre s\u00fct veren bir inek ise % 48 daha fazla<br \/>\nv\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretir<\/li>\n<li>\u0130neklerde v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda d\u00f6rt temel \u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczenleme<br \/>\nmekanizmas\u0131 rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bunlar; radyasyon, kond\u00fcksiyon(iletim), konveksiyon<br \/>\n(ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m) ve terleme mekanizmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu mekanizmalardan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc v\u00fccuttan \u0131s\u0131<br \/>\nkayb\u0131n\u0131n ancak %15\u2019ini sa\u011flarken, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc mekanizma olan \u2018terleme\u2019 ile v\u00fccutta<br \/>\nolu\u015fan \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n %85\u2019inin at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. At\u0131lan ter buharla\u015f\u0131p gaz haline<br \/>\nd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7evreden \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131rken deriyi de so\u011futur. Ancak ba\u011f\u0131l nem oran\u0131<br \/>\ny\u00fcksekse buharla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131 azalaca\u011f\u0131ndan v\u00fccudun so\u011fumas\u0131 yava\u015flar ve v\u00fccut daha<br \/>\nfazla \u0131s\u0131 tutar. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, insanlar\u0131n % 10 u kadar terleyebildikleri i\u00e7in s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan \u00e7ok daha<br \/>\nfazla etkilenmektedirler<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcnd\u00fczleri y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde \u0131s\u0131 stresine maruz kalan inekler, gece boyunca<br \/>\ns\u0131caklar\u0131n uygun seviye d\u00fc\u015fmesi halinde g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen tolare edebilir.<br \/>\nAncak gece s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek seyir etmesi, yine y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa y\u00fcksek nemin e\u015flik<br \/>\netmesi halinde terleme yolu ile \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131 etkinli\u011fini kaybetmektedir<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cak stresi inekte; v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, 10 hayvandan 7 sinin<br \/>\nsolunum say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dakikada 80\u2019ni a\u015fmas\u0131, yem t\u00fcketiminde \u2018isteksizlik, yem se\u00e7me,<br \/>\nsalya art\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00fct veriminde azalma, daha fazla ayakta durma \u015feklinde belirtilerle kendini<br \/>\ng\u00f6stermektedir. S\u0131cak havalarda bar\u0131nak i\u00e7indeki inekler yatakl\u0131klarda, y\u00fcr\u00fcme<br \/>\nalanlar\u0131nda hareketsiz ayakta duruyor ve\/veya bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131n daha \u00e7ok serin b\u00f6lgelerinde<br \/>\nk\u00fcmele\u015ftikleri g\u00f6zlemleniyorsa, s\u00fcr\u00fcde s\u0131cak stresi oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fcne var\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresi nedeniyle s\u00fct<br \/>\nveriminde meydana gelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 24 \u00b0C\u2019ye<br \/>\nvard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir. \u00c7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 25-26\u00b0C \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, serinletme<br \/>\nsistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ineklerden 2 kg daha fazla s\u00fct elde edildi\u011fi ortaya<br \/>\nkonmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Bir laktasyonda (1 sa\u011fmal d\u00f6nemi) boyunca sadece yaz aylar\u0131nda s\u0131cak stresine<br \/>\nmaruz kalan hayvanlarda toplam s\u00fct veriminde % 25\u2019lere varan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ortaya<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kabilir. S\u00fct verimindeki bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, yakla\u015f\u0131k % 35\u2019i az yem t\u00fcketimine ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolu\u015furken, % 65 oran\u0131nda da di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlerden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan<br \/>\nifade edilmektedir. Yine s\u0131cak stresi, s\u00fct\u00fcn kalitesini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen somatik<br \/>\nh\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da ciddi oranda art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cak stresine maruz kalan ineklerde; k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri k\u0131salmakta, gebelik<br \/>\noranlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmekte ve erken embriyonik \u00f6l\u00fcmler daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca<br \/>\nhormonal mekanizmadaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak; yumurtal\u0131k aktivitesi ve rahim<br \/>\nfonksiyonlar\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilenmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nemde y\u00fcksek \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na maruz kalan ineklerde; meme<br \/>\ngeli\u015fiminin olumsuz etkilenmesinden dolay\u0131, s\u00fcrekli serinletme sisteminde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan<br \/>\nineklere g\u00f6re %13,6 daha az s\u00fct verimine sahiptirler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\ndo\u011fum a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 da 3 kg daha azd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cak stresi hayvan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve refah\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde etkilidir. S\u0131cak<br \/>\nstresinin endirekt etkilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 da uzun s\u00fcre ayakta kalmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 ayak<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131, kaba yem t\u00fcketiminde isteksizli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 asidoz, yine ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k sisteminin<br \/>\nzay\u0131flatmas\u0131 sonucunda ba\u015fta mastit olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klara<br \/>\nsebebiyet vermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin s\u0131kl\u0131kla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz<br \/>\nve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu hatta Do\u011fu Anadolu ve<\/li>\n<li>Karadeniz B\u00f6lgelerinde s\u0131cak stresinin etkisi yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde hissedilmektedir. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 bar\u0131nak in\u015fas\u0131nda s\u0131cak stresine kar\u015f\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar; i\u00e7 s\u0131cakl\u0131k +5 &#8211; +21 \uf0b0C, nem oran\u0131 % 60-80 olacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa<br \/>\nedilmelidir. S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in +5 ile + 21 0C aras\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar uygun olmakla birlikte,<br \/>\nsa\u011fmal inek i\u00e7in ideal \u00e7evre \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 +10 &#8211; +15 0C\u2019dir. Al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve yeterli yem vermek<br \/>\n\u015fart\u0131yla \u201325 0C kadar inen \u0131s\u0131larda bile s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n verimlerinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015fme<br \/>\nolmaz, sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131 bozulmaz. +25 0C\u2019yi, \u00f6zellikle de + 34 0C\u2019yi ge\u00e7en s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n<br \/>\nhayvanlara ve de i\u015fletmeye ciddi zarar verdi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Duman y\u00f6ntemiyle (teneke i\u00e7inde tutu\u015fturulacak samanla) bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131n her<br \/>\nnoktas\u0131nda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolay bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirebilir. Mekanik bir<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rma \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal<br \/>\nhavaland\u0131rman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fiziksel iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lmal\u0131, bu sayede fan ve du\u015f<br \/>\nsistemlerinin etkinli\u011fi artaca\u011f\u0131 gibi su ve enerji tasarrufu da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda konforlu S\u0131cakl\u0131k Nem \u0130ndeksi (SN\u0130) i\u00e7in alt limit 35, \u00fcst limit<br \/>\nise 71\u2019dir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k nem indeksi 35\u2019in alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veya 71\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\n\u00f6zellikle s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda strese ba\u011fl\u0131 verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte, s\u0131cak stresi, indeksin<br \/>\ny\u00fckselmesi nispetinde de \u015fiddetlenmektedir. \u00dclkemiz iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k nem<br \/>\nindeksinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 sorunlar ise ya\u015fanmamaktad\u0131r. Meteoroloji Genel<br \/>\nM\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc web sayfas\u0131ndan ( http:\/\/www.mgm.gov.tr\/arastirma\/sinep.aspx#sfU )<br \/>\n\u00e7iftli\u011finizin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin 3 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k nem indeksi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde \u00f6nemli \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan bir di\u011feri de nispi\/relatif<br \/>\nnemdir. Nispi\/Relatif nemin s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u00fczerine olan etkisini s\u0131cakl\u0131kla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek<br \/>\ngerekir. Bu ama\u00e7la g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde iklimin hayvan verimlili\u011fi \u00fczerine olan etkisini g\u00f6steren<br \/>\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k Nem \u0130ndeksi (SN\u0130) kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Basit bir termometre ve<br \/>\nhigrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem de\u011ferlerine bak\u0131larak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan SN\u0130<br \/>\nhesaplanabilir. % 90 nispi nem de 26 \u00baC ile % 20 nispi nem de ki 34 \u00baC (SN\u0130 78) ayn\u0131<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyde hayvan\u0131 etkilemektedir ( 8 \u00baC\u2019lik fark nem y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ile e\u015fitlenebilmektedir).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4410\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/s-nem.jpg\" alt=\"s-nem\" width=\"614\" height=\"624\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Serinletme sistemleri sayesinde daha fazla s\u00fct elde etmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ineklerin<br \/>\nyemden yararlanma de\u011ferinin de iyile\u015fti\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle \u00fclkemizde \u00e7evre<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 25 \u00b0C\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde karl\u0131 bir i\u015fletme i\u00e7in laktasyondaki ineklerde<br \/>\nserinletme sistemleri kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>S\u0131cak stresinin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca 3 strateji<\/em><br \/>\n<em>uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r: <\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>G\u00f6lgelik; G\u00f6lgelik kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ineklere do\u011frudan ula\u015fan g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00f6nlenerek, v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyindeki \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde kalmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.<br \/>\nPasif etkiye sahip g\u00f6lgelik y\u00f6ntemi, \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flamaz. \u00c7evre<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 32 \u00b0C \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda g\u00f6lgelik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n faydal\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7<br \/>\nvermeyece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu<br \/>\ndurumlarda, meraya \u00e7\u0131kan ineklere gezinti b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6lgelik ama\u00e7l\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma<br \/>\nile %3\u2019l\u00fck s\u00fct art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Serinletme bak\u0131m\u0131nda do\u011fal g\u00f6lgelikler<br \/>\n(s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct g\u00f6lgesi gibi) her zaman daha iyi sonu\u00e7 vermektedir. Ah\u0131r avlular\u0131nda, \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00fczerinde kontroll\u00fc a\u011fa\u00e7 g\u00f6lgelikleri olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Fan ve Islatma; \u0130nekler \u00fczerine su p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme ile birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u015fekilde fanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nkurulumu, s\u0131cak stresinin etkilerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltabilmektedir. \u00dclkemiz iklim<br \/>\nko\u015fullar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aylar boyunca 30 \u00b0C \u00fczerinde seyretti\u011finden<br \/>\ng\u00f6lgelik ve fanlar yeterli olmayabilir. Bu nedenle havaland\u0131rma (fan) ve<br \/>\nya\u011fmurlama(du\u015f) sistemlerinin kurulmas\u0131 zorunludur. Fan ve \u0131slatma y\u00f6ntemini<br \/>\nkullanan serinletme sistemleri, 30\u00b0C ve \u00fczerindeki \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a<br \/>\netkindir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle, \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeyi artt\u0131k\u00e7a fan ve \u0131slatma y\u00f6nteminin<br \/>\netkinli\u011fi de artmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; Fanlar; yemlik \u00fcst\u00fcne ve sa\u011f\u0131m \u00f6ncesi toplama alanlar\u0131na, ine\u011fin aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nyerden 3 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe, %10-20 e\u011fimle ine\u011fin s\u0131rt\u0131na \u00fcfleyecek \u015fekilde<br \/>\nyerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Fanlar\u0131n bar\u0131nakta dizili\u015fi de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Fanlar ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde,<br \/>\n\u00e7aplar\u0131n\u0131n on kat\u0131 aral\u0131klarla dizilmelidirler. E\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde de ihtiya\u00e7<br \/>\noldu\u011fu hissedilirse, yatak yerleri hizas\u0131na da bir s\u0131ra fan dizilmesinde yarar vard\u0131r.<br \/>\n-\u00c7ap\u0131n\u0131n on kat\u0131 mesafesinde aral\u0131klarla dizilen fanlar k\u00f6t\u00fc havay\u0131 birbirlerine ileterek<br \/>\nbar\u0131nak d\u0131\u015f\u0131na atarlar. B\u00f6ylece ortamda birikmi\u015f olan amonyak, karbondioksit, metan<br \/>\nve \u0131s\u0131nm\u0131\u015f havadan kurtulmu\u015f olunacakt\u0131r.\u00a0Su p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcc\u00fcler (spreyler); yem yeme esnas\u0131nda, sa\u011f\u0131m salonuna girmeden \u00f6nceki<br \/>\nbekleme yerlerinde ine\u011fin s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 tam \u0131slatacak \u015fekilde ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Islatma esnas\u0131nda<br \/>\nsuyun hayvan\u0131n \u00fczerinden yere akarak; altl\u0131k, durak zeminleri ve yemlerin \u0131slatmas\u0131na<br \/>\nizin verilmemelidir. \u0130nekleri \u0131slatmak i\u00e7in suyun en etkili kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda farkl\u0131<br \/>\ntavsiyeler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar, ineklerin yem yeme esnas\u0131nda, 1 dakika<br \/>\nboyunca 1,5 litre suyla \u0131slat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 takiben 10 km\/saat lik hava ak\u0131m\u0131 ile 4 dakika<br \/>\nkurutulmalar\u0131n\u0131, baz\u0131 uzmanlar ise her inek i\u00e7in 3 dakikal\u0131k s\u00fcre boyunca 3,5 litrelik su<br \/>\np\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme, takibinde 12 dakikal\u0131k s\u00fcrede ise do\u011fal haline b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\n\u00f6nermektedirler. Karar verirken hayvanlardaki s\u0131cak stresinin \u015fiddetine g\u00f6re fan ve su<br \/>\np\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fanlar\u0131, durdurup \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n, mekanik ar\u0131zlara<br \/>\nve ekstra enerjiye yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu nedenle baz\u0131 uzmanlar fanlar\u0131s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n<br \/>\ndaha verimli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir.<br \/>\n-Sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in temiz ve kuru prensibine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131ndan, sa\u011f\u0131mhanede ve<br \/>\ndurak(yatma) yerlerinde serinletme amac\u0131yla su kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n-Mastitise zemin olu\u015fturmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in serinletme s\u0131ras\u0131nda p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen suyun<br \/>\nmeme ve meme ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u0131slatmas\u0131na asla izin verilmemelidir.<br \/>\n-\u0130ne\u011fin s\u0131rt\u0131na hortumla su tutmak, sisleme tarz\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck partik\u00fcllerle<br \/>\np\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme yapmak, p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcc\u00fcleri s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ayn\u0131 sonucu vermez. Bu tip<br \/>\ni\u015flemler bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131n nemini artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan\u0131n konforunu bozacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n-Bir ine\u011fin \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturulacak hava ak\u0131m\u0131, deri \u00fczerindeki teri ve \u0131s\u0131y\u0131<br \/>\nuzakla\u015ft\u0131rmada \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahiptir. ABD\u2019deki ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, saatte 10<br \/>\nkm\u2019lik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak stresindeki hayvanlarda solunum oranlar\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\n%50\u2019ye kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilece\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r<br \/>\n-Bar\u0131naklar\u0131n \u201ckuru ve temiz\u201d kalmas\u0131na her zaman dikkat edilmelidir. \u00c7at\u0131lar\u0131n<br \/>\n\u0131slat\u0131lmas\u0131 veya \u00e7at\u0131 \u00fczerlerinde g\u00f6lgelikler olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 yoluyla bar\u0131nak i\u00e7i s\u0131cakl\u0131k<br \/>\nk\u0131smen de olsa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fc sevk ve idaresine y\u00f6nelik modifikasyonlar: Ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ny\u00fckseldi\u011finde hayvanlar, v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 so\u011futmak i\u00e7in ek enerjiye ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nV\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 normal seviyeye indirmek i\u00e7in solunum say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar,<br \/>\nterlemeyle de elektrolit kayb\u0131na u\u011framaktad\u0131rlar. Is\u0131 stresi s\u00fcrecinde;<br \/>\n&#8211; Beslenme program\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yap\u0131lacak i\u015flemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nher zaman temiz ve serin su bulundurulmas\u0131 gelmektedir. Normalde inekler t\u00fckettikleri<br \/>\nher kg kuru madde i\u00e7in 2-3 L. ve her kg s\u00fct verimi i\u00e7in 3-5 L. su t\u00fcketir. Bu miktarlar,<br \/>\ns\u0131cak stresinde 2-4 kat artar. Serin su; yem ve su t\u00fcketimini olumlu y\u00f6nde etkiledi\u011finden<br \/>\nsu tank\u0131 ve suluklar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse g\u00f6lgeliklere yerle\u015ftirilmelidir.<br \/>\n&#8211; Yemleme serin saatlerde yap\u0131larak kuru madde t\u00fcketimi art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; S\u0131cak stersine ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen yem t\u00fcketimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yemleme say\u0131s\u0131<br \/>\nart\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, t\u00fcketilmeyen yemler; yem t\u00fcketimini ve hijyenini olumsuz etkileyece\u011finden<br \/>\nyemliklerden s\u0131kl\u0131kla uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; S\u0131cakl\u0131k stresine maruz kalan s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n yem t\u00fcketimleri, \u00f6zellikle de kaba yem<br \/>\nal\u0131mlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer (yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda; hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 18 \u00baC\u2019den 30 \u00baC\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\nkuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re kaba yem t\u00fcketiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 20 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<br \/>\nBunun nedenlerinden biride sel\u00fclozun fermantasyonu s\u0131ras\u0131nda v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nartmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n kaba yemi ay\u0131r\u0131p kesif yeme y\u00f6nelebilece\u011fi buna ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolarak da asidoz riskinin y\u00fckselebilece\u011fi ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; Rasyonun kaba yem kayna\u011f\u0131, %75\u2019i ye\u015fil kaba yem ile uzun lifli 2 kg kaliteli<br \/>\nkuru ot ilavesinden olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; Rasyona, maksimum % 4 kadar fermentasyon\/metabolik \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretimine neden<br \/>\nolmayan, karbonhidratlara g\u00f6re enerji de\u011feri daha y\u00fcksek (yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.25 kat\u0131) by-pass<br \/>\nya\u011f kat\u0131labilir.<br \/>\n-Katyon [sodyum(Na+), potasyum (K+), kalsiyum (Ca++), magnezyum(Mg++)] ve<br \/>\nAnyon [klor\u00fcr (CI\u02c9), bikarbonat (HCO\u021d\u02c9), s\u00fclfat (SO42\u2212), fosfat (PO43\u2212) organik asit ve<br \/>\nprotein)] yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 ile asit \u2013 baz dengesi korunarak, ineklerin \u0131s\u0131 stresi ile h\u0131zl\u0131<br \/>\nsoluma, terleme ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 salya ifrazat\u0131 ile kaybetti\u011fi mineral maddeler kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n&#8211; Yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, s\u0131cak stresi ile m\u00fccadelede rasyondan ziyade<br \/>\nfiziksel serinletme y\u00f6ntemlerinin daha etkili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<br \/>\n&#8211; Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek nem hastal\u0131k etmeni mikroorganizmalar i\u00e7in uygun<br \/>\nbir \u00e7o\u011falma ortam\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nekler s\u0131cak stresi nedeniyle, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7leri<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu nedenle yaz aylar\u0131nda (+ 24 \u00b0C ve \u00fczeri s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda) ah\u0131r temizli\u011fine,<br \/>\nhava sirk\u00fclasyonunun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile bar\u0131nak i\u00e7i oransal nemin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ve ah\u0131r<br \/>\nzeminin mutlaka kuru olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u0130\u015eLETMEYE HAYVAN ALIMI<\/h3>\n<p>\u201cDimyata pirince giderken evdeki bulgurdan olmamak\u201d i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle hastal\u0131k riskine<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ve sa\u011fl\u0131k durumunu bilmedi\u011finiz hayvanlar\u0131 sat\u0131n almay\u0131n. Sat\u0131n<br \/>\nalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130\u015fletmeler ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131 kendi b\u00fcnyesinde yeti\u015ftirmeyi hedeflemelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k Di\u015fi Hayvan<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bulunulan b\u00f6lgeye, amaca ve i\u015fletmede hayvanlara sa\u011flanan bar\u0131nak, bak\u0131m ve<br \/>\nbesleme, \u00e7evreden al\u0131nabilen hizmetler, co\u011frafik yap\u0131, pazar vb. \u015fartlara g\u00f6re \u0131rk tercihi<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bak\u0131m, beslenme ve bar\u0131nak gibi altyap\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131 yeterli olarak<br \/>\nsa\u011flanam\u0131yorsa, y\u00fcksek verimli k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u0131rklar\u0131 yerine zor \u015fartlarda ya\u015famaya daha yatk\u0131n<br \/>\nolan k\u00fclt\u00fcr melezi veya yerli hayvanlar tercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Irk tercihinde i\u015fletmenin kaba yem \u00fcretimi ve i\u015fletmenin uzun s\u00fcreli pazar hedefleri<br \/>\n(et, s\u00fct, tereya\u011f\u0131, peynir) ana belirleyici unsurlard\u0131r. Bir y\u0131l et para etti diye et\u00e7i \u0131rk, bir<br \/>\ny\u0131l s\u00fct para etti diye s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0131rk ana\u00e7lar tercih edilmemelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her \u0131rk kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc<br \/>\nkarakteri nedeniyle ayr\u0131 bir uzmanl\u0131k istemektedir. Uzmanla\u015fmak\/\u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7inde bir<br \/>\n\u0131rkta en az 7 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Maalesef \u00fclkemizde baz\u0131<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftiriciler moday\u0131 takip eder gibi k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla ana\u00e7larda \u0131rk tercihinde<br \/>\nbulunabilmektedirler.<\/li>\n<li>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvanlar ile ilgili \u0131rk tercihi yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce; il-il\u00e7e g\u0131da tar\u0131m ve<br \/>\nhayvanc\u0131l\u0131k il m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde g\u00f6revli uzmanlardan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc farkl\u0131 bak\u0131m ve besleme taleplerinin getirece\u011fi<br \/>\nek i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc nedeniyle i\u015fletmede birden fazla s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u0131rk\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fcye kat\u0131lan yeni hayvanlar, s\u00fcr\u00fcde sa\u011fl\u0131k riski d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hiyerar\u015fi sorunlar\u0131na<br \/>\nba\u011fl\u0131 strese kaynakl\u0131k edece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Verim ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bilinmeyen (pedigrisiz) hayvanlar i\u015fletmeye al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Uzun s\u00fcre \u00fcretime kaynakl\u0131k edecek olan dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvan, k\u0131sa g\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u0131ndan<br \/>\nziyade bir gen kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bir gen kayna\u011f\u0131 ise belli hedefler<br \/>\ndo\u011frultusunda, uzun s\u00fcreli ciddi \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde olu\u015fturulabilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde asla tesad\u00fcfe yer verilmeden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu genetik \u00e7abaya gereken \u00f6nem<br \/>\natfedilerek, pazardan (ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bilinmeyen) d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe bakarak dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvan sat\u0131n<br \/>\nal\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015fletmede iyi hayvan, iyi i\u015fletmede k\u00f6t\u00fc hayvan olmaz\u201d<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\/s\u00f6z\u00fc ciddi bir genetik \u00e7abay\u0131 i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Pazarlar\u0131n, sat\u0131n al\u0131nacak dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvan\u0131n genetik ve sa\u011fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc<br \/>\nbak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck riskleri b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvan, iyi bilinen i\u015fletmelerden sat\u0131n al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Gebe d\u00fcve al\u0131m\u0131nda tohumlama ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 13-18 ayl\u0131k olanlara \u00f6ncelik<br \/>\nverilmelidir. Yine yo\u011fun bak\u0131m ve besleme uygulayan (entansif) i\u015fletmelerde<br \/>\ntohumlama ya\u015f\u0131 20 ayl\u0131ktan b\u00fcy\u00fck olan d\u00fcvelerin, verime ge\u00e7ti\u011finde \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n(g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum, verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mastit, d\u00f6l tutmama vb.) olabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sat\u0131n al\u0131nacak dam\u0131zl\u0131k di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n v\u00fccut kondisyon skorlar\u0131 2,25-3,50<br \/>\naral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Gebelik s\u00fcresi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan hayvanlar i\u015fletmeye daha iyi adapte olaca\u011f\u0131ndan<br \/>\nmaksimum 7 ayl\u0131k gebe hayvanlar i\u015fletmeye al\u0131nmal\u0131, unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki anne aday\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\ndo\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131y\u0131 koruyacak a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcretebilmesi i\u00e7in buza\u011f\u0131lamadan en az 7<br \/>\nhafta evvel i\u015fletmeye gelmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yeti\u015ftiriciler genellikle c\u00fcsseli ineklerin di\u011ferlerine k\u0131yasla daha \u00e7ok s\u00fct<br \/>\nverdi\u011fine inanmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bu kan\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulayan<br \/>\nbulgular elde edilememi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, c\u00fcssesi b\u00fcy\u00fck ineklerin ya\u015fama pay\u0131 yem<br \/>\ngiderlerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek, dam\u0131zl\u0131k se\u00e7mek do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<li>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde (tip \u00f6zellikleri); sa\u011fr\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, g\u00fc\u00e7,<br \/>\nv\u00fccut kondisyonu, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs geni\u015fli\u011fi, beden derinli\u011fi, s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck veya et\u00e7ilik kondisyonu,<br \/>\nsa\u011fr\u0131 e\u011fimi, sa\u011fr\u0131 geni\u015fli\u011fi, lokomosyon (y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc), ayak-bacak ve meme yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\narzulanan seviyede olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>365 g\u00fcnde her inekten 1 yavru al\u0131nmas\u0131 hedefleri do\u011frultusunda s\u00fct, et veriminin<br \/>\nyan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u00f6l verimi y\u00fcksek hayvanlar se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletme ve pazar ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcr\u00fc yap\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\nplanlanmal\u0131, bu ba\u011flamda bak\u0131m ve beslenmenin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilmesi<br \/>\ni\u00e7in sat\u0131n al\u0131nacak hayvanlar\u0131n gebelik s\u00fcreleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcveler \u00f6zellikle do\u011fumdan sonra \u00e7ok s\u0131k bir arada olunacak hayvanlard\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle insana ve yeti\u015fkin ineklere al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fumlarla birlikte i\u015fletmenin hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 artaca\u011f\u0131ndan gebe d\u00fcvelerin<br \/>\nmuhtemel do\u011furma tarihleri esas al\u0131narak, yeterli buza\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131nma alanlar\u0131 ile buza\u011f\u0131l\u0131kta<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lacak alet ekipmanlar tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>BES\u0130L\u0130K HAYVAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde daha \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 erkek s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n kesimden belli bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00f6zel<br \/>\nolarak beslenerek, et verimi ve kalitesinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik faaliyete besicilik<br \/>\ndenilmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn hayvansal verimlerde oldu\u011fu gibi et verimi \u00fczerinde de \u00e7evre<br \/>\n(bak\u0131m ve besleme) ve genetik fakt\u00f6rler etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Besicilikte karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yolu iyi<br \/>\nbak\u0131m besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile hayvan\u0131n genetik kapasitesinden ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu<br \/>\nba\u011flamda;<\/li>\n<li>Besiye al\u0131nacak hayvanlar; \u0131rk, ya\u015f, cinsiyet, kastre\/burma\/eneme, daha \u00f6nceki<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftirme ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve beden yap\u0131s\u0131\/b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck y\u00f6n\u00fcnde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse e\u015f kategoride<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r. Besi gruplar\u0131ndaki danalar aras\u0131nda ya\u015f fark\u0131 60 g\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7memelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Besi kabiliyeti y\u00fcksek et\u00e7i veya kombine \u0131rklar ya da melezi hayvanlar beside<br \/>\ntercih edilmelidir. Irk gibi, b\u00f6lgesel veya i\u015fletme baz\u0131nda da besi performanslar\u0131nda<br \/>\nfarkl\u0131l\u0131klar oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0131rk s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n erkeklerinin besi performanslar\u0131 (yemden yararlanma, g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\ncanl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, rand\u0131man\u0131 ve et\/kemik oranlar\u0131) et\u00e7i \u0131rk s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n erkeklerine g\u00f6re<br \/>\ndezavantajl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Et\u00e7i \u0131rklar\u0131n erkeklerine g\u00f6re % 10-15 daha fazla besleme<br \/>\ngiderlerine sahip olan s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0131rklar\u0131n besilik materyal olarak daha ucuza sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilme<br \/>\navantaj\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda besisi kazan\u00e7l\u0131 olabilir.<\/li>\n<li>Irka \u00f6zg\u00fc g\u00fcnl\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve karkas rand\u0131man\u0131 karar s\u00fcrecine dahil<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Besiye al\u0131nacak hayvanlar gen\u00e7 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta t\u00fcketilen yeme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\nkazan\u0131lan canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcksek iken (yemden yararlanma), hayvan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nilerledik\u00e7e durum tersine d\u00f6nmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Besiye al\u0131nacak hayvanlarda V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoru (VKS) 2-4 olanlar tercih<br \/>\nedilmeli, \u00e7ok zay\u0131f (VKS 1-1,5) veya \u00e7ok ya\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k (VKS 4,5-5) kazanc\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yetersiz bak\u0131m ve beslemeye maruz kalm\u0131\u015f yada sindirim ve\/veya solunum<br \/>\nsistemi gibi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar ge\u00e7irmi\u015f buza\u011f\u0131lar kavruk (iskelet yap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015f)<br \/>\nkalacakt\u0131r. Bu tipteki hayvanlar\u0131n besi performanslar\u0131 genellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc olacakt\u0131r. Besiye<br \/>\nal\u0131nacak hayvanlarda geli\u015fme gerili\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemeli, iskelet sistemi, ya\u015f\u0131 ve cinsiyeti<br \/>\ngenetik kapasitesi ile uyumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar besiye al\u0131n\u0131rken, kesime g\u00f6nderilece\u011fi tarihte \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 et<br \/>\nfiyatlar\u0131, besi d\u00f6nemindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k riski gibi fakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmeye hayvanlar al\u0131n\u0131r al\u0131nmaz boynuz k\u00f6reltme gibi a\u011f\u0131r strese neden olan<br \/>\nuygulamalardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Biyog\u00fcvenlik tedbirleri (temizlik, karantina, a\u015f\u0131lama, paraziter m\u00fccadele gibi)<br \/>\neksiksiz uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmeye sonradan al\u0131nacak hayvanlar, en az 10 g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle ayr\u0131 bir yerde<br \/>\nkarantinada tutulmal\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lanlar, mevcut s\u00fcr\u00fcye kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130\u015fletmedeki hayvanlara, bir\u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcye sonradan kat\u0131lan hayvanlardan<br \/>\nge\u00e7ti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklarda, hayvanlar\u0131n stres ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen serbest veya a\u00e7\u0131k sistemli<br \/>\nmodel tercih edilmelidir. Kar, ya\u011fmur, r\u00fczgar, \u00e7amur, nem (%80-90) ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k<br \/>\nfakt\u00f6rleri, \u015fiddetleri ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak yemden yararlanmay\u0131 ve canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nolumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Besi girdi maliyetleri; besilik materyal temini, yem giderleri ve di\u011fer giderler<br \/>\nolmak \u00fczere temelde \u00fc\u00e7 ana kalemden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu kalemlerin maliyet \u00fczerindeki<br \/>\netki oranlar\u0131, piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte \u00fclkemizde temel kabul;<br \/>\nbesilik materyal i\u00e7in % 58, yem giderleri i\u00e7in % 30 ve di\u011fer giderler (i\u015f\u00e7ilik, elektrik,<br \/>\nveterinerlik hizmetleri, vs.) i\u00e7in de % 12\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nakil ve Nakil Sonras\u0131 Bak\u0131m-Besleme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hayvanlar al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olduklar\u0131 \u00e7evrelerini, sosyal gruplar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmak ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131klar\u0131<br \/>\nbir hayvan grubu i\u00e7ine ya da ara\u00e7 ortam\u0131na girmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131nda strese<br \/>\ngirmektedir. Bu nedenle nakil edilecek hayvanlarda travmalar\u0131 minimize etmek i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, yolculuk yapmaya uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nakliye esnas\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek sindirim sistemi<br \/>\nrahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in hayvanlara, nakilden \u00f6nce a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede ye\u015fil\/ sulu,<br \/>\nkonsantre ve y\u00fcksek enerji i\u00e7eren yem vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nakilden \u00f6nce hayvanlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yemlemek, nakil esnas\u0131nda sindirim sistemi<br \/>\nrahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hayvanlar\u0131 agresifle\u015ftirerek birbirlerine zarar vermesine<br \/>\nsebebiyet vermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk havalarda hayvanlar\u0131n birbirlerini g\u00fcbreleri ile kirletmesi sonucunda<br \/>\nhayvanlarda \u00abso\u011fuk donmas\u0131\u00bb geli\u015febilir. Bu nedenle nakliye \u00f6ncesi \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltacak<br \/>\nyemleme tedbirleri al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan sat\u0131n alan bir i\u015fletme; hayvanlar\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek, uygun<br \/>\nara\u00e7la naklini sa\u011flama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tedbir almal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ile hayvanlar\u0131n nakil arac\u0131na bindirilmesi ve nakil arac\u0131ndan<br \/>\nindirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7; hayvanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayacak,<br \/>\nyaralanmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmelerini \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ve bak\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n uygun olmayan ara\u00e7larla nakliyesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ekstra korku, su kayb\u0131,<br \/>\nyaralanma, hatta \u00f6l\u00fcmlere varan k\u00f6t\u00fc refaha ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fan ekonomik kay\u0131plar olduk\u00e7a<br \/>\ny\u00fcksektir. B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131 masrafl\u0131 olmakla birlikte, yap\u0131lan<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda fayda\/maliyet oran\u0131 k\u0131sa mesafeler i\u00e7in 71,0 uzun mesafeler i\u00e7in 72,9<br \/>\noldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nakliyeyi yapacak personelin bu alanda e\u011fitilmi\u015f ya da deneyimli olmas\u0131 ve<br \/>\ng\u00f6revlerini gereksiz korku, yaralanma ya da ac\u0131ya neden olabilecek herhangi bir \u015fiddet<br \/>\nya da y\u00f6ntem kullanmadan yerine getirmesi gerekir.<\/li>\n<li>Nakliye esnas\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n refah durumlar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak kontrol<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n Nakilleri S\u0131ras\u0131nda Refah\u0131 ve Korunmas\u0131 Y\u00f6netmeli\u011finde<br \/>\nbelirtildi\u011fi \u015fekilde cinsiyetlerine, t\u00fcrlerine, ya\u015f gruplar\u0131na ve canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re<br \/>\nhayvanlara dinlendirilme imk\u00e2n\u0131, uygun kalitede ve miktarda su ve yem sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nakil s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na ayr\u0131lacak alan \u201cy\u00fckleme yo\u011funlu\u011fu\u201d olarak ifade<br \/>\nedilmektedir. Y\u00fckleme yo\u011funlu\u011funa t\u00fcr, ya\u015f, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, cinsiyet, nakil s\u00fcresi, \u00e7evre<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, boynuz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler etki etmektedir. Y\u00fckleme yo\u011funlu\u011funun<br \/>\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinde hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na ayr\u0131lan alandan ziyade, belli bir canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lan alan\u0131n<br \/>\ntercih edilmesi daha do\u011frudur. Ara\u00e7 i\u00e7inde hayvan yo\u011funlu\u011funun artmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<br \/>\nhayvanlarda d\u00fc\u015fme, yaralanma, yavru atmalarda \u00f6nemli oranda art\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckleme<br \/>\nesnas\u0131nda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcr\u00fc (koyun, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r gibi) ve cinsiyeti (erkek, di\u015fi) farkl\u0131 hayvanlar ayr\u0131<br \/>\nnakledilmeli veya ayn\u0131 nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lmelerde ta\u015f\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ba\u015f, boyun, bacak ya da v\u00fccudunun herhangi bir<br \/>\nyerinden ba\u011flanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan nakil arac\u0131n taban d\u00f6\u015femeleri \u00fczerine, en az 2 cm. kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yatakl\u0131k,<br \/>\nsap, saman, tala\u015f vb. at\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131, yeterli havaland\u0131rma, r\u00fczgardan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caktan veya<br \/>\nso\u011fuktan koruyacak donan\u0131mlara sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan nakil ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yem ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya s\u0131zmas\u0131na engel olacak tarzda<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00fckleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmek ya da hareket ettirmek i\u00e7in sopa ya<br \/>\nda elektrikli \u00f6vendire kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Elektrikli \u00f6vendire yerine, ince esnek bir<br \/>\n\u00e7ubu\u011fun ucuna ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck naylon bir par\u00e7a veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kuma\u015f yard\u0131m\u0131yla<br \/>\nhayvanlar hareket ettirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n nakliye arac\u0131na y\u00fcklenmesinde ve indirilmesinde mutlaka uygun<br \/>\nrampalardan yararlan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rampalar; zemini kaymay\u0131, kenarlar\u0131 ise hayvan\u0131n<br \/>\nrampadan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek y\u00fckseklikte olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru inmek yerine yukar\u0131 do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 tercih ederler. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle indirmede kullan\u0131lacak rampan\u0131n meyil y\u00f6n\u00fc yukar\u0131 y\u00f6nde, 20-25\u00b0\u2019lik a\u00e7\u0131yla<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yolculu\u011fu tamamlayan hayvanlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lacak ah\u0131rlara veya<br \/>\nah\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131na \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fclmeden indirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar gelmeden \u00f6nce indirilecekleri alandaki yemliklere kaliteli kaba yem<br \/>\n(kuru ot, kuru has\u0131l, kuru yonca, kuru fi\u011f vb.) konulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ndirilen hayvanlara; indirildikleri alan\u0131 tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmeli bu ama\u00e7la 1-2<br \/>\nsaat boyunca hayvanlar\u0131n yan\u0131na girilmemeli ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ndirilen hayvanlar, 1-2 saat dinlendirildikten sonra kontrol\u00fc su verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Besilik erkek s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda, aralar\u0131ndaki sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek stresi minimize<br \/>\netmek i\u00e7in serbest dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 bar\u0131naklar 7-10 ba\u015fl\u0131k b\u00f6lmeler \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmeli ve<br \/>\nkesime sevk edilene kadar da zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a ayn\u0131 grup i\u00e7inde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Serbest padok sisteminde, 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck karantinadan sonra kavgaya ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nyaralanmalar\u0131 minimize etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle yerli ve melezi \u0131rklarda k\u00f6reltilmemi\u015f<br \/>\nboynuzlar kesilmeli (18 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan b\u00fcy\u00fcklerde ve s\u0131cak mevsimlerde<br \/>\n\u00f6nerilmemektedir), hayvanlar canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, ya\u015f ve \u0131rka g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapasiteli besicilik i\u015fletmelerinde, hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki kavga ve<br \/>\nyaralanmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ba\u011fl\u0131 sistemin tercih edilmesinde yarar vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zellikle ba\u011fl\u0131 durakl\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda hayvanlar\u0131n ah\u0131ra al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, zaman<br \/>\nald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hayvanlar\u0131 ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in aceleci davran\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nce yemliklere kesif<br \/>\nyem d\u00f6k\u00fclmeli, bunu yemek i\u00e7in gelen hayvanlara yakla\u015f\u0131larak ba\u011flamaya<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk kez ba\u011flanan hayvanlar, 4-5 g\u00fcn boyunca s\u0131k aral\u0131klarla izlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar geldikleri i\u015fletmede, nakliye ve yeni ortamdan dolay\u0131 strese girmekte<br \/>\nolu\u015fan strese ba\u011fl\u0131 diren\u00e7 sistemlerinin zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nakliye sonras\u0131 \u015fekillenebilen \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bar\u0131nak i\u00e7i havaland\u0131rma<br \/>\nkapat\u0131lmamal\u0131, i\u00e7eride hava cereyan\u0131 olu\u015fturmadan s\u00fcrekli temiz hava sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sat\u0131n al\u0131nan hayvanlar\u0131n indirilece\u011fi i\u015fletmede s\u0131\u011f\u0131r bulunuyorsa, getirilen<br \/>\nhayvanlar, ayr\u0131 bir ah\u0131rda karantinaya al\u0131narak sa\u011fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc e\u015fitlenene kadar bir araya<br \/>\nkonulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Karantina s\u00fcresince ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler ortak kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0130lk 3 hafta boyunca yeni al\u0131nan b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131;<br \/>\nKaliteli kuru ot (tercihen \u00e7ay\u0131r otu),<br \/>\n-Temiz i\u00e7me suyu,<br \/>\n-Hafif eksersizle birlikte g\u00fcvenli rahat bir dinlenme ortam\u0131 (bol sapl\u0131<br \/>\nyatakl\u0131k)<br \/>\n-Bak\u0131c\u0131 ve ortama al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zenli \u00e7aba (nazik, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcz ortam)<br \/>\n-T\u0131mara (g\u00fcnde bir kez f\u0131r\u00e7ayla deriye yap\u0131lan masaj derinin nefes<br \/>\nalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve hayvan\u0131n metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk g\u00fcnlerde taze\/ya\u015f ot ve silajlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse verilmemeli veya \u00e7ok ufak<br \/>\nporsiyonlarda verilmelidir. G\u00fcnde verilecek konsantre yem (fabrika yemi, k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya<br \/>\nezilmi\u015f m\u0131s\u0131r, bu\u011fday, arpa vb.) miktar\u0131 maksimum 0,5 kg olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ancak 10. G\u00fcnden sonra taze ot, silaj ve konsantre yem miktar\u0131 yava\u015f, yava\u015f<br \/>\nart\u0131r\u0131larak, hayvan\u0131n i\u015fletme rasyon program\u0131na uyumu sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yem yeme, i\u00e7me suyu t\u00fcketme ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n kompozisyonu d\u00fczenli olarak<br \/>\ng\u00f6zlenmeli, sorunlar vakit ge\u00e7irilmeden sorumlu veteriner hekime bildirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u0130NEKLER\u0130N BAKIM VE BESLENMES\u0130<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u00c7iftlikte Hayvan Refah\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede hayvan refah\u0131; hayvanlar\u0131n, geli\u015fmesi, uyumu ve evcille\u015fme durumlar\u0131<br \/>\nile fizyolojik, etolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak bak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftirildikleri ko\u015fullar\u0131n asgari standartlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nHayvan refah\u0131, hayvana sunulan ekstra l\u00fcks bir ya\u015fam de\u011fildir, hayvan\u0131n zihinsel ve<br \/>\nfiziksel ya\u015fam kalitesini yans\u0131tan bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma, toplam verimlilik \u00fczerine \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rlerinin (bak\u0131mbesleme<br \/>\nvb.) genetik fakt\u00f6rlerden daha etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f<br \/>\nhayvanlar sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve besin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli<br \/>\nmiktarlarda ve ya\u015flar\u0131na, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, fizyolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ve<br \/>\nbeklenen verime g\u00f6re uyarlanm\u0131\u015f uygun bir yemle\/rasyonla beslenmelidir. T\u00fcm<br \/>\nhayvanlara, fizyolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun olan aral\u0131klarda yeterli miktarda yeme ve<br \/>\nsuya eri\u015febilme imkan\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Beslenme ve i\u00e7me suyu donan\u0131m\u0131, yemin ve<br \/>\nsuyun kontamine olmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek ve hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki rekabetin zararl\u0131<br \/>\netkilerini asgariye indirgeyecek \u015fekilde tasarlanmal\u0131, in\u015fa edilmeli ve yerle\u015ftirilmelidir.<br \/>\nB\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar bar\u0131naklarda herhangi bir zorluk olmadan yatabilmeli,<br \/>\ndinlenebilmeli, aya\u011fa kalkabilmeli, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve idrar yapabilmeli, ortam havas\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k<br \/>\nnem indeksi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar ile kullan\u0131lan alet ve donan\u0131mlar; \u00e7apraz bula\u015fmay\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k<br \/>\nta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla, program dahilinde belli<br \/>\naral\u0131klarla d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde temizlenip dezenfekte edilmelidir. D\u0131\u015fk\u0131, idrar ve yem<br \/>\nart\u0131klar\u0131 ile sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yemler; kokuyu asgariye indirgemek ve sinek veya kemirgenler i\u00e7in<br \/>\ncazip bir ortam olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla gerekli s\u0131kl\u0131klarda temizlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Canl\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in, i\u00e7 ortam\u0131n\u0131n dengede olmas\u0131 ve \u00e7evreye<br \/>\nuyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Normalden farkl\u0131 \u015fartlar, hayvanlarda stres<br \/>\nolu\u015fturmakta ve bu strese kar\u015f\u0131 hayvanlar bir tak\u0131m tepkilerle ortama uyum sa\u011flamaya<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yeti\u015fkin s\u0131\u011f\u0131r davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131; geneti\u011fe ve y\u00f6netime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<br \/>\n\u015fekillenebilmektedir. Sakin bir \u015fekilde davran\u0131larak yeti\u015ftirilen buza\u011f\u0131, dana ve d\u00fcveler<br \/>\nagresif bir \u015fekilde idare edilmi\u015f olanlara g\u00f6re inek d\u00f6nemlerinde daha kolay<br \/>\ny\u00f6netilebilmektedir. \u0130yi davran\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hayvanlar kendileri ve \u00e7iftlik personeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda<br \/>\ndaha az yaralanma riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda; ineklerin, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131 ve \u0131st\u0131rap veren k\u00f6t\u00fc<br \/>\ndeneyimleri kolayca hat\u0131rlayabildikleri, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 stresin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemlerini<br \/>\nzay\u0131flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sindirim ve \u00fcreme fonksiyonlar\u0131nda da gerilmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya<br \/>\nkonulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netiminde, bak\u0131m ve beslenmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra stres fakt\u00f6rleri<br \/>\nde\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Arkada\u015f se\u00e7en, aralar\u0131nda grupla\u015fmay\u0131 ve rutin ya\u015famay\u0131<br \/>\nseven inekler, gruplar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 halinde yeni ortam\u0131na al\u0131\u015fana kadar stres<br \/>\nya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi \u00e7o\u011funlukla zay\u0131f meralara (yetersiz besleme) ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte, ayn\u0131 meradan birden fazla s\u00fcr\u00fc ( hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 riski)<br \/>\nyararlanmaktad\u0131r. Meralarda hayvanlar\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, r\u00fczgar ve ya\u011fmurdan koruyacak<br \/>\nsundurma ve yeterli i\u00e7me suyu kaynaklar\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yem bitkilerine<br \/>\nula\u015fmak \u00fczere uzun yol (yetersiz enerji ve ayak rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 riski) kat etmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Merada hayvanlar sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla sergileyebilme imkan\u0131na sahipken,<br \/>\nk\u0131\u015f mevsiminde k\u00f6t\u00fc ah\u0131rlarda yetersiz refah ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda Korku ve Stres;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Su birikintileri, metal yans\u0131malar\u0131 ve g\u00f6lgeler (S\u0131\u011f\u0131r, koyun ve ke\u00e7ilerin retinas\u0131<br \/>\nsar\u0131ms\u0131 ye\u015fil ve mavimt\u0131rak mor renklere daha hassast\u0131r-discromat. Bu nedenle<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar, birikmi\u015f su yans\u0131malar\u0131ndan, \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve g\u00f6lgelerin<br \/>\nkeskin kontrastlar\u0131ndan ve ekipmanlar\u0131n par\u0131ldamalar\u0131ndan korkmaktad\u0131rlar.),<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda kap\u0131, pencere ve \u00e7it gibi yerlere as\u0131larak karart\u0131 ve ses<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan zincir, torba, giysi, ekipman v.b.<\/li>\n<li>Metal \u00e7\u0131nlamalar\u0131, \u00e7arpma ve r\u00fczgar \u00fcfleme sesleri, y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 sesler (S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar<br \/>\ninsanlardan yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat, koyunlar ise 5 kat daha fazla sese duyarl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Hayvanlar<br \/>\nkulaklar\u0131n\u0131, dikkatlerini \u00e7eken noktaya do\u011fru \u00e7evirirler, bu nedenle kulak hareketlerine<br \/>\ndikkat edilmelidir.)<\/li>\n<li>Bak\u0131c\u0131 ile zemin, yap\u0131 ve ekipmanlardaki ani renk ve form de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri,<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ok karanl\u0131k veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ortamlar,<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda; g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, ses, ba\u011f\u0131rma, d\u00f6vme, \u00fcrk\u00fctme, ko\u015fturma, kaygan zemin,<br \/>\nyatma zemininin sert (beton, ta\u015f vb.) olmas\u0131, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, \u00e7amur, havas\u0131z ortam, hava<br \/>\ncereyan\u0131nda b\u0131rakma, y\u00fcksek nem, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f, susuzluk, a\u00e7l\u0131k, bozuk yem, ani<br \/>\nyem ve hava de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, kalabal\u0131k ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k ortam, bak\u0131c\u0131 ve sa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi,<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f sa\u011f\u0131m teknikleri, veteriner hekimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki<br \/>\nehliyetsiz ki\u015filerin hayvanlara m\u00fcdahale etmesi, yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakma, do\u011fru (ya\u015f, cinsiyet,<br \/>\n\u0131rk, verim) gruplamama, k\u00f6t\u00fc ve yetersiz \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rma gibi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7evresel<br \/>\nko\u015fullar stres sebebidir. K\u0131saca hayvanda rahat\u0131 ve konforu bozan her \u015fey stres<br \/>\nkayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hayvanlar\u0131n metabolizmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde birinci derecede etkili olan hayvan<br \/>\nrefah\u0131n\u0131n, hi\u00e7bir zaman hayvan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve performans\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 olarak ele<br \/>\nal\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k; sadece hastal\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fck halinin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil; hayvan\u0131n bedenen,<br \/>\nruhen ve sosyal y\u00f6nden tam bir iyilik halidir. Hayvan refah\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131ktan ayr\u0131<br \/>\nde\u011ferlendirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde hayvan refah\u0131n\u0131n, hayvana sunulan fazladan ve gereksiz konfor<br \/>\noldu\u011fu alg\u0131s\u0131; yeti\u015ftiricileri, nakliyecileri, t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve kesimhaneleri yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ne sevk<br \/>\netmektedir. Bu nedenle de, \u00fclkemizdeki s\u00fct i\u015fletmelerindeki yetersiz hayvan refah\u0131<br \/>\nko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ekonomik kay\u0131plar\u0131n \u00e7ok ciddi boyutlarda ( 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re<br \/>\ny\u0131ll\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyar TL) oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. S\u00fct ineklerinde maliyet\/fayda<br \/>\noran\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc (asgari d\u00fczey) refah standartlar\u0131 i\u00e7in 35,7 oldu\u011fu, buza\u011f\u0131lar i\u00e7in ise 1,19<br \/>\nolarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayvan refah\u0131 y\u00fcksek oranda ekonomik kazan\u00e7 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi<br \/>\ninsani bir g\u00f6rev ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin de anahtar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, s\u00fct i\u015fletmelerinde yetersiz refah ko\u015fular\u0131<br \/>\nnedeniyle sa\u011fmal ineklerin % 70\u2019nin ekonomik \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlamadan reforme<br \/>\nedildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00c7iftlik Hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00c7iftlik Hayvanlar\u0131 Refah\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Konseyinin belirlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu hayvanlara sunulmas\u0131 gereken 5 Temel Hak;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Hayvanlar a\u00e7 ve susuz b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r; Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tam koruyacak<br \/>\ntaze su ve yiyece\u011fe daimi eri\u015fim,<br \/>\n2. Hayvanlar rahat ettirilmelidir; Bar\u0131nak ve rahat dinlenme alanlar\u0131n\u0131 da<br \/>\ni\u00e7eren korunakl\u0131 uygun ya\u015fam ortamlar\u0131,<br \/>\n3. Hayvanlar a\u011fr\u0131, yaralanma ve hastal\u0131klardan uzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r; Koruyucu<br \/>\ntedbir, h\u0131zl\u0131 te\u015fhis ve tedavi,<br \/>\n4. Hayvanlar do\u011fal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilmelidir; Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden hayvanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nyeterli alan ve uygun tesislerde bir arada tutulmas\u0131,<br \/>\n5. Hayvanlar korku ve stresten uzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r; Izd\u0131rab\u0131 \u00f6nleyici ko\u015fullar ve<br \/>\ntedavi<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda Refah ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kontrol Noktalar\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>+ V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skorunun 1,5 alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131,<br \/>\n+ Rumenin bo\u015f olmas\u0131,<br \/>\n+ Kal\u00e7ada veya memede kirlilik (kirlilik skorunun 3 \u00fcn \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131),<br \/>\n+ Mastitisin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (ayl\u0131k klinik mastitis oran\u0131n % 2\u2019nin \u00fczerinde<br \/>\nolmas\u0131),<br \/>\n+ Kanl\u0131-irinli vajen ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131,<br \/>\n+ \u0130shal,<br \/>\n+ Barsak ve genital organlardaki a\u011fr\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kalk\u0131k kuyruk,<br \/>\n+ Uzam\u0131\u015f veya k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u0131rnaklar,<br \/>\n+ Ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131, belde kamburluk,<br \/>\n+ Metabolizmal hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\n+ \u00d6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131<br \/>\n+ Dizde \u015fi\u015flik,<br \/>\n+ Bozuk t\u00fcy, \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6z,<br \/>\n+ Burun ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck,<br \/>\n+ Deride d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc, soyulma, \u00fclserle\u015fme veya nas\u0131rla\u015fma.<br \/>\nK\u0131saca s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc varsa i\u015fletmede refah yetersizli\u011finden<br \/>\nbahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n<h3>YEM ve YEMLEME<\/h3>\n<p>Rasyon: Bir b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan\u0131n 24 saatlik t\u00fcm besin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek,<br \/>\ni\u015fkembedeki asidi dengeleyecek kaba ve kesif yemleri uygun \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nkar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma denir. Uygun \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, ya\u015f, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve verimine g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanan<br \/>\nrasyonla beslenen hayvanlardan ancak genetik kapasitesi nispetinde verim al\u0131nabilir.<br \/>\nS\u0131\u011f\u0131r rasyonlar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek kaliteli kaba yemin yerini tutacak ba\u015fka bir yem<br \/>\nmaddesinin mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her daim g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. En kaliteli<br \/>\nkaba yemin ise \u00e7ay\u0131r otu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak, \u00e7ay\u0131r alanlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\nve \u0131slah\u0131na kaynak ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyon haz\u0131rlarken;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131ra yem verdi\u011fimizde, asl\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil \u00f6n midede (i\u015fkembede) bulunan<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar\u0131 beslemekteyiz, mikroorganizmalarda s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 beslemektedir.<br \/>\nB\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlarda sindirim i\u015fleminin % 70\u2019i i\u015fkembede<br \/>\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011fmal ineklerde toplam a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 4-7 kg olan i\u015fkembe (rumen) mikroorganizmalar\u0131;<br \/>\nrumen pH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n 6.0-6.4 oldu\u011fu ortamda optimum ruminal fermantasyonu ve lif<br \/>\nsindirimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Bu pH aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki de\u011ferlerde (uzun s\u00fcren<br \/>\nperiyotlarda) sindirim faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren mikroorganizmalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve<br \/>\naktivitesi d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f optimum pH seviyesinden (6.0-6.4) uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a<br \/>\nartar.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda i\u015fkembeyi dolu tutarak tokluk hissi yarat\u0131labilece\u011finden, her zaman<br \/>\nkaliteli ve istekle t\u00fcketilebilen kaba yemlere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inhibe etmemesi i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse yemler \u0131slat\u0131lmadan<br \/>\nverilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaliteli kaba yemler ineklere yiyebildikleri kadar verilmeli, hayvanlardan<br \/>\nk\u0131skan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda kaliteli bir peynir \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in<br \/>\nsadece kaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131r otu verildi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmenin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgedeki iklim ve toprak \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ay\u0131r otu, silajl\u0131k<br \/>\nm\u0131s\u0131r, sorgum sudan otu melezi, yonca, fi\u011f, korunga, lenox, gibi kaba yemler<br \/>\ni\u015fletmede \u00fcretilerek en az %30-40 oran\u0131nda \u00fcretim maliyeti azalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Arpa, m\u0131s\u0131r, bu\u011fday, bakla, yulaf vb. dane yemleri \u00fcreterek, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi k\u00fcspesi,<br \/>\npamuk tohumu k\u00fcspesi, soya ve yem katk\u0131 maddelerini (mineral maddeler, vitamin,<br \/>\nsoda (NaHCO3, vb.) sat\u0131n alarak fabrika yemlerine g\u00f6re maliyeti en az % 20-30<br \/>\noran\u0131nda azaltan dengeli ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kesif yemler i\u015fletmede \u00fcretilmelidir. Taze yem<br \/>\ntercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yem \/ kesif yem oran\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Uzmanlar s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda verimli bir<br \/>\n\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u00e7in rasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n; kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re % 60\u2019nin kaliteli kaba yemlerden,<br \/>\nen fazla % 40\u2019nin ise kesif (konsantre) yemlerden olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131; sadece \u00f6zel<br \/>\ndurumlarda maksimum rasyonun % 50\u2019sinin kesif yemlerden kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\n\u00f6nermektedir. \u0130\u015fletmeler bu ba\u011flamda rasyonda kesif yeme daha az yer verebilmesi<br \/>\ni\u00e7in, kaliteli kaba yem \u00fcretimi veya tedarikinde \u00f6zel bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7erisinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimli ineklerde (14 litre verime kadar), gebe ve k\u0131s\u0131r ineklerde oldu\u011fu gibi<br \/>\ng\u00fcnl\u00fck rasyonun % 80-90\u2019\u0131 ve hatta %100\u2019\u00fc kaliteli kaba yemlerle kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir<br \/>\n(mineral madde takviyesiyle). S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n sindirim sistemi kaba yemler \u00fczerinden<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmeler; \u00fcrettikleri kaba yemlerde mineral madde (\u00f6zellikle bak\u0131r, \u00e7inko, demir,<br \/>\nselenyum, krom ve manganez ) y\u00f6n\u00fcnden analizlerini yapmal\u0131, gerekirse yem<br \/>\nbitkileri yeti\u015ftirilen topraklar; eksik olan mineraller y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zenginle\u015ftirmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dclkemizde kaliteli kaba yemi olmayan \u00fcreticiler; kesif yemle y\u00fcksek verimli<br \/>\nineklerini dengeli besleyemediklerinden \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zamanda elden \u00e7\u0131kartmak zorunda<br \/>\nkalmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yem bitkileri; derin ve y\u00fczlek k\u00f6k yap\u0131lar\u0131 sayesinde topra\u011f\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli<br \/>\nkatmanlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131rken b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bol miktardaki k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vde art\u0131klar\u0131 ile de<br \/>\ntopra\u011f\u0131n organik maddece zenginle\u015fmesini sa\u011flar. Yem bitkileri ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u0131l\u0131n<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda topra\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnde s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00e7im kapa\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan bir<br \/>\ntaraftan su ve r\u00fczgar erozyonunu \u00f6nlerken di\u011fer taraftan da topraktaki su kayb\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nen aza indirerek tuzlu ve alkali topraklar\u0131n \u0131slah\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7iftli\u011fimizi, ancak topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak ve zenginle\u015ftirerek torunlar\u0131m\u0131za<br \/>\nb\u0131rakabiliriz.<br \/>\nSadece kaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131rotunun; ruminantlarda ayak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00f6l verimi<br \/>\nba\u015fka bir ifadeyle verimli bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini garanti etti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nKaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131r otu=Hayvan Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131=Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Yem ve Yemlemede \u00d6nemli Baz\u0131 Hat\u0131rlatmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmedeki hayvan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde i\u015fletmede \u00fcretilecek kaba ve<br \/>\nkesif yemlerle, piyasadan temin edilecek yemlerin ekonomik \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi<br \/>\ni\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k yemleme planlamas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 en ak\u0131lc\u0131 yoldur.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar istikrar ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sevdi\u011finden, zorunluluk has\u0131l olmad\u0131k\u00e7a rasyon<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fikliklerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la i\u015fletmenin s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 rasyonlar\u0131nda istikrar\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flayabilmesi i\u00e7in yem bitkisi ekili\u015f alanlar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6nemdedir.<\/li>\n<li>Yonca gibi kaliteli kaba yemi ve kaliteli m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 olan i\u015fletmeler;<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fama pay\u0131 ile birlikte 14 kg s\u00fct verimine yetecek kadar ham proteini ve<br \/>\nenerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmektedir. Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 2,5 civar\u0131nda olan kuru<br \/>\nmadde ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n; en az % 1,5\u2019nin kaliteli kaba yemden kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerinin olmazsa olmaz ko\u015fuludur.<\/li>\n<li>Kuru yemden, ya\u015f yeme veya ya\u015f yemden, kuru yeme ge\u00e7erken, ge\u00e7i\u015fler yava\u015f,<br \/>\nyava\u015f yap\u0131lmal\u0131, yemin biri azalt\u0131l\u0131rken di\u011feri \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131larak en az bir haftal\u0131k bir s\u00fcrede<br \/>\nge\u00e7i\u015fler tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayn\u0131 firmaya ait kesif yemlerde bile farkl\u0131 partilerde farkl\u0131 hammaddeler<br \/>\nkullan\u0131labilmektedir. Bu nedenle bir parti kesif yemden di\u011fer bir partiye ge\u00e7erken de<br \/>\nkademeli ge\u00e7i\u015f (al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma) yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanda asidoza yol a\u00e7an melas, pekmez gibi konsantre \u015fekerler; bir ba\u015fa<br \/>\ng\u00fcnl\u00fck 500 gramdan fazla verilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bir yemlemede\/\u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde maksimum 2,5 kg\/ba\u015f konsantre yem verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Tah\u0131llar hi\u00e7 bir zaman \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclmeden, ezme veya k\u0131rma halinde verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Yem \u00e7uvallar\u0131 tahta \u0131zgara \u00fczerinde; serin, kuru, \u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z bir ortamda ve a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131<br \/>\nkapal\u0131 olarak saklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7uval istifleri yaz\u0131n 5, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise 7 \u00e7uvaldan fazla olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yemlik ve suluklar d\u00fczenli olarak temizlenmelidir. Yemliklerde t\u00fcketilmeyen<br \/>\nyemler bekletilmeden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, yerine taze yemler konulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Pancar yapraklar\u0131 bol \u015feker i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in fazla verilmesi i\u015fkembeyi ve<br \/>\nba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131 tahri\u015f edece\u011finden dikkatli davran\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7imlenmi\u015f veya k\u00fcfl\u00fc- koku\u015fmu\u015f tohumlar zehirli oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>So\u011fan, lahana ve karalahana yapraklar\u0131 hayvanlarda i\u00e7 kanamalara yol<br \/>\na\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131ndan fazla yedirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Depolarda zamanla insan yiyece\u011fi \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybeden hububat daneleri<br \/>\nhayvanlara verilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>F\u0131r\u0131n ve yemek art\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlara yedirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Elek alt\u0131, de\u011firmen alt\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131k bu\u011fdaylar\u0131n i\u00e7inde yabani ot bulundu\u011fundan<br \/>\nrasyonda %5\u2019den fazla kat\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yemler temiz (tozsuz, \u00e7amursuz, k\u00fcfs\u00fcz) ve lezzetli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Odunla\u015fan<br \/>\nve \u00e7ok kuru otlar hayvan beslenmesinde kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct\u00fcn koku ve rengini bozan yemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Taze yem bitkisinin sindirilme derecesi, kurutulmu\u015f olan\u0131na g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek<br \/>\noldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131, bu nedenle \u00e7ay\u0131r ve meralardan yeterince faydalan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda y\u00fcksek kaliteli kaba yemin yerini tutacak ba\u015fka bir yem maddesinin mevcut<br \/>\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her daim bilinmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00c7ay\u0131r- Meralardan Yararlanma<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131ra yem verdi\u011fimizde asl\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil \u00f6n midede (i\u015fkembede) bulunan<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar\u0131 beslemekteyiz, mikroorganizmalar da s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 beslemektedir.<br \/>\nB\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlarda sindirim i\u015fleminin % 70\u2019i i\u015fkembede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden<br \/>\nbeslenmede her zaman kaliteli kaba yeme odaklan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bedenen, ruhen ve sosyal y\u00f6nden tam bir iyilik hali olan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara sunmada<br \/>\nkaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131r-meralar alternatifsizdir. Bu ger\u00e7ekten hareketle, i\u015fletme giderlerinin de %<br \/>\n60-70\u2019ni olu\u015fturan yemin i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan taze kaliteli kaba yeme<br \/>\nkaynakl\u0131k eden \u00e7ay\u0131r-meralara \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem verilmelidir. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle \u00e7ay\u0131rmeralar<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n hem yem deposu, hem de sa\u011fl\u0131k g\u00fcvencesidir.<\/li>\n<li>Orta kaliteli bir merada bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, 5 saat otlar 2 saat y\u00fcr\u00fcr. Meran\u0131n kalitesiyle otlama<br \/>\ns\u00fcresi ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da mera alanlar\u0131nda dekarda 560 kg ot al\u0131n\u0131rken, bu rakam<br \/>\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ancak 80 kg. d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00fclkemizde meralara tohum takviyesi ve bak\u0131m<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan otun besin de\u011feri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re,<br \/>\nmeradaki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 kaplama oran\u0131n\u0131n % 10-20 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ortaya<br \/>\nkonulmu\u015ftur (anonim). Bu nedenle \u00fclkemizde b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar<br \/>\nmeralarda \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre otlamak ve y\u00fcr\u00fcmek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Evcil ruminantlar aras\u0131nda en az se\u00e7ici olan s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, otlar\u0131 koparmak i\u00e7in dillerini<br \/>\notun \u00e7evresine dolayarak \u00e7ekmektedir. Bu otlama y\u00f6ntemi, 10 mm\u2019den daha uzun<br \/>\nbitkileri yiyebilmelerini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar taze otlu \u00e7ay\u0131r-meralarda dakikada 50-<br \/>\n60 \u0131s\u0131rma ve 14-20 \u00e7i\u011fneme olacak \u015fekilde otlamaktad\u0131rlar. Her ne kadar uzun otlar\u0131<br \/>\ntercih etseler de, k\u0131sa otlar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131rma oran\u0131 ile (70\/dk) yemektedirler. A\u00e7<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar toklara oranla otlamak i\u00e7in daha fazla zaman harcamakta ve \u0131s\u0131rma boyutu<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fmemekle birlikte daha az \u00e7i\u011fneyerek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck lokmalar halinde yutmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n otlamada ilk tercihleri taze ye\u015fil yapraklard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Taze ye\u015fil yapraklardan sonra s\u0131ras\u0131yla; kart ye\u015fil yapraklar\u0131, ye\u015fil g\u00f6vdeleri, kuru<br \/>\nyapraklar\u0131 ve kuru g\u00f6vdeleri yerler. Taze yemleri, bayat yemlere; ye\u015fil kaba yemleri,<br \/>\nkuru kaba yemlere tercih ederler.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aktif hayvanlar oldu\u011fundan, g\u00fcn do\u011fumunda ve ikindiden g\u00fcn<br \/>\nbat\u0131m\u0131na kadar \u00e7o\u011funlukla iki devrede otlamay\u0131\/yem al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tercih ederler. Ancak s\u0131cak<br \/>\nhavalarda ve g\u00fcnlerin k\u0131sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda gece otlamas\u0131, yap\u0131labilir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda,<br \/>\notlama, gevi\u015f getirme ve yatma\/dinlenme devreler halinde olur. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda sosyal<br \/>\netkile\u015fim fazla oldu\u011fundan, grup halinde, bireysel yediklerinden daha fazla yem<br \/>\nt\u00fcketmektedirler.<\/li>\n<li>Kabaca \u00e7i\u011fnenerek yutulan yemler, i\u015fkembede yeni yem al\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in ortam olu\u015fturmak<br \/>\ni\u00e7in 30-90 dakika sonra tekrar \u00e7i\u011fnemeye (gevi\u015f getirme\/ruminasyon) tabi<br \/>\ntutulmaktad\u0131r. Gevi\u015f getirme s\u00fcresi, kaba yemin partik\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve sel\u00fcloz<br \/>\ni\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k otlama s\u00fcresi kadar oldu\u011fu kabul<br \/>\nedilmektedir. Uzun ve d\u00fczenli (kaliteli) gevi\u015f getirme, hayvanlar\u0131n kendini rahat<br \/>\nhissetti\u011fi, yar\u0131 uykulu oldu\u011fu zamanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Stres, ac\u0131, ani ses, korku,<br \/>\nhastal\u0131k gibi etkenler gevi\u015f getirmeyi d\u00fczensizle\u015ftirmekte veya durdurmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bahar aylar\u0131nda mera otlar\u0131nda sel\u00fcloz oran\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, hayvanlar<br \/>\nmeraya \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce mutlaka kuru ot verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcbreleme bitkilerde nitrat ve nitrit maddelerinin artmas\u0131na neden olur.<br \/>\nNitrat ve nitrit bitkilerde A, D ve E vitaminlerini azaltaca\u011f\u0131 gibi hayvanlarda nitrit<br \/>\nzehirlenmesine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131ndan dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131\u015f\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse otlatma yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk ve sonbaharda hayvanlar sabah\u0131n<br \/>\nerken k\u0131ra\u011f\u0131l\u0131 saatlerinde meraya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 beklenmeli veya<br \/>\no g\u00fcn meraya g\u00f6nderilmemelidir. E\u011fer \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekirse mutlaka hayvanlara i\u00e7eride<br \/>\nbir miktar kuru ot verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f otlatma s\u00fcr\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 300 ba\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7memelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f otlakl\u0131 alanlarda yay\u0131lmak istemezler; tiksindikleri<br \/>\nveya sevdikleri yemleri de 3 y\u0131l boyunca hat\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7\u00f6pl\u00fck veya \u00e7evre kirlenmesinin oldu\u011fu fabrika alanlar\u0131nda, ana yol<br \/>\nkenarlar\u0131nda hayvanlar otlat\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve so\u011fuk havalarda sabah erken, k\u0131ra\u011f\u0131l\u0131 saatlerde veya<br \/>\ng\u00fcnlerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse meraya \u00e7\u0131karmamal\u0131, \u015fayet \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacaksa da mutlaka bir miktar<br \/>\nkuru ot verildikten sonra \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar yaz\u0131n; 10-16 saatleri aras\u0131nda ise her taraf\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tarzda y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nyerlerde konumlanm\u0131\u015f serin g\u00f6lgeliklere al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Baklagil otlar\u0131nca zengin meralarda gaz \u015fi\u015fkinli\u011fini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in otlatma daha<br \/>\nk\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yap\u0131lmal\u0131 ve yay\u0131l\u0131mdan \u00f6nce s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara bir miktar kuru ot verilmelidir<\/li>\n<li>Yalaklar ayda en az iki kez y\u0131kanarak yosun tutmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Otlatman\u0131n Otun K\u00f6k ve G\u00f6vde Geli\u015fimi \u00dczerine Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4413\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/otlatmanin.jpg\" alt=\"otlatmanin\" width=\"601\" height=\"358\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Meralar ne kadar d\u00fczenli ve kontroll\u00fc otlat\u0131l\u0131rsa, meradan yararlanma oran\u0131<br \/>\nve s\u00fcresi o oranda artar. Bunun i\u00e7in meralar 5 veya 6 parselle b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek m\u00fcnavebeli<br \/>\notlat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mera bitkilerinin % 80\u2019ni bahar mevsiminde geli\u015fti\u011finden bahar<br \/>\naylar\u0131nda mera y\u00f6netimi \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4414\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/munavebeli.jpg\" alt=\"munavebeli\" width=\"533\" height=\"362\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fclerinin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verimlili\u011fi otlatman\u0131n bilin\u00e7li ve planl\u0131<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile korunabilir. Bitkilerin vejetasyon h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re mera rotasyonu<br \/>\nayarlanabilir. Erken, d\u00fczensiz ve\/veya yo\u011fun otlatma, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 havalarda<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131n fazla gezdirilmesi, meralara tohum takviyesinin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gibi<br \/>\netkenler meralar\u0131 tahrip eden ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerdir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafikte de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere ta\u015f oran\u0131 fazla olan meralarda<br \/>\notlamak istemez. \u00c7ay\u0131r-mera y\u00fczeyinin %5\u2019i ta\u015fl\u0131k iken s\u00fcr\u00fcdeki s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n % 60\u2019\u0131,<br \/>\nmeradan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131rken ta\u015fl\u0131k alan oran\u0131 %20\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n % 90\u2019\u0131 meradan<br \/>\nka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ta\u015fl\u0131k alan oran\u0131n\u0131n % 30\u2019un \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mera alanlar\u0131nda ise<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131 merada otlamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u00e7ay\u0131r-mera<br \/>\nalanlar\u0131ndan, sadece ot miktar\u0131 \u00fcretiminin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n ta\u015fl\u0131k<br \/>\nalandaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131narak ta\u015flar toplanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00fcksek verimli sa\u011fmallar (12-14 kg\u2019dan fazla) hari\u00e7, et\u00e7i ve gen\u00e7 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar tuz<br \/>\nve mineral madde haricindeki besin maddesi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131<br \/>\nyap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f meralardan sa\u011flayabilirler. Meralar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u0131prat\u0131lmadan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc<br \/>\nolarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa, yani kontroll\u00fc otlat\u0131l\u0131rsa b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u0131l boyunca yararlan\u0131labilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131<br \/>\nve\/veya d\u00fczensiz otlat\u0131lmak, bitki k\u00f6klerin tahrip olmas\u0131na, i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f parazitlerle<br \/>\nbula\u015f\u0131k hale gelmesine, zamanla meralar\u0131n verimsizle\u015ferek, tahrip olmas\u0131na yol<br \/>\na\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>TOPRAK<\/h3>\n<p>Topra\u011f\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fczerinde yeti\u015fen bitki art\u0131klar\u0131 ile onlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren ve topra\u011f\u0131n<br \/>\ni\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan mikroorganizmalar sa\u011flar. Toprak, ancak ve ancak bitkiler taraf\u0131ndan korunur<br \/>\nve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam ettirilir. Erozyonda kontrols\u00fcz otlatman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli etkisi vard\u0131r. Otlayan<br \/>\nhayvanlar t\u0131rnaklar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla topra\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak infiltrasyon oran\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve str\u00fckt\u00fcr\u00fc<br \/>\nbozarak topra\u011f\u0131 par\u00e7alanmaya uygun hale getirmekte, b\u00f6ylece topraklar\u0131 r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve su<br \/>\nerozyonuna kar\u015f\u0131 hassasla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Otlatma \u015fiddeti artt\u0131k\u00e7a, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f sular\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131n<br \/>\nderinliklerine i\u015fleme (infilitrasyon) oran\u0131 azalmakta ve y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131nan nitelikli toprak<br \/>\n(sediment) miktar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re, bir bu\u011fdaygil meras\u0131nda,<br \/>\ntemiz i\u015flenmi\u015f nadas veya m\u0131s\u0131r tarlas\u0131na g\u00f6re 526-1029 kez daha az toprak kayb\u0131; 5-277 kez<br \/>\nde daha az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f suyu kayb\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, toprak ve su korumay\u0131 belirleyen ana<br \/>\nunsurdur. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlat\u0131lan merada ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n %17,3\u2019\u00fc, normal otlat\u0131lan merada ise<br \/>\n%3,4 y\u00fczey ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile kaybolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4415\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/YUKSEK.jpg\" alt=\"YUKSEK\" width=\"590\" height=\"305\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Bilim insanlar\u0131; Erozyon, Bitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve Kurakl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi yukar\u0131daki<br \/>\n\u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u015eekilde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131 kaplama alan\u0131<br \/>\nazald\u0131k\u00e7a erozyon artmakta, ancak bu art\u0131\u015f do\u011frusal bir ili\u015fki sergilememektedir. \u00dclkemizde<br \/>\nise yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re meradaki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fclerinin topra\u011f\u0131 kaplama alanlar\u0131n\u0131n %<br \/>\n10-20 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu ortaya konulmu\u015ftur (anonim). Bu oranlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\nmeralar\u0131m\u0131zda erozyonun \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bunun \u00f6nemli sebebi \u201chayvan-bitkitoprak-su\u201d<br \/>\nba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru y\u00f6netilmemesidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ay\u0131r ve meradaki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok nedeni vard\u0131r. Tabi ki en fazla<br \/>\netkiyi \u00e7ay\u0131r-meraya yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7ebelik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00f6\u00e7ebelik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn var olana git,<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131, erken ve d\u00fczensiz otlatmad\u0131r. Oysa toprak ve su ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n kadar da<br \/>\nverilmesini ister. \u00c7ay\u0131r ve meralarda bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer nedenleri; kurakl\u0131k,<br \/>\n\u015fiddetli so\u011fuklar, yakma ve istenmeyen otlar, gevenler ve \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n istilas\u0131 s\u0131ralanabilir.<br \/>\n\u00c7ay\u0131r ve meralar yem bitkileri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde fakirle\u015ftik\u00e7e, hayvanlar \u00e7ay\u0131r meralarda daha<br \/>\nfazla dola\u015farak, daha fazla enerji harcamaktad\u0131r. Bu da \u00e7ay\u0131r-mera alanlar\u0131nda tahribat\u0131<br \/>\nart\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck mera yem ihtiyac\u0131: Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n1\/10\u2019u olarak kabul edilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 500 kg bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck yem ihtiyac\u0131 50 kg\u2019d\u0131r. Belirli<br \/>\ngeni\u015flikteki bir otlatma alan\u0131nda bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, toprak ve di\u011fer do\u011fal kaynaklara hi\u00e7bir kal\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\nzarar vermeden uzun y\u0131llar maksimum hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcn alma otlatma y\u00f6netiminin do\u011fru bir<br \/>\n\u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle otlatmada; Toprak-su-bitki-hayvan<br \/>\naras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bitkinin yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi otlama \u015fiddetine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<br \/>\n\u00fczere otu bitirmek fotosentez yoluyla enerjinin yeniden kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan k\u00f6k\u00fcnde bitmesi<br \/>\nanlam\u0131na gelmektedir. ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada optimal ko\u015fullarda meralardaki<br \/>\notun\/grass % 50\u2019ye kadar otlanmas\u0131 halinde otun yeniden eski seviyesine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 15 g\u00fcnde<br \/>\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn olurken, otlatma yo\u011funlu\u011funun % 50\u2019nin \u00fczerindeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nispetinde bitkilerin<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcresi de uzamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/otlatma.jpg\" alt=\"otlatma\" width=\"597\" height=\"417\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fada kabaca biyolojik d\u00f6ng\u00fc; birbirinin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015f 3 ana grup halinde<br \/>\ns\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Toprakta at\u0131klar\u0131 ve art\u0131klar\u0131 kullanarak\/i\u015fleyerek yeni besin maddeleri ve<br \/>\noksijeni olu\u015fturun par\u00e7alay\u0131c\u0131lar (bakteriler, mantarlar) ve \u00fcreticiler (fotosentetik bakteriler,<br \/>\nbitkiler), di\u011feriyse bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri al\u0131p, i\u015fleyip temel bile\u015fikler olarak tekrar geriye veren<br \/>\nhayvanlard\u0131r. \u00c7ay\u0131r-mera y\u00f6netimi, d\u00fcnyada yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131r devam eden bu biyolojik<br \/>\nd\u00f6ng\u00fc \u00fczerinde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meralardan yararlanman\u0131n teknik esaslar\u0131 d\u00f6rt madde \u00fczerinde toplanabilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Meralar mevsiminde otlat\u0131lmal\u0131 (bitkilerin otlatmadan zarar g\u00f6rmedikleri y\u00fcksekli\u011fe<br \/>\neri\u015fti\u011fi safhada), erken ilkbaharda otlat\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Meralar\u0131n otlatma kapasitesine uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r. (\u00e7ay\u0131r ve meran\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi yem miktar\u0131<br \/>\nile merada otlayacak hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge kurmak, meran\u0131n bir mevsimde<br \/>\n\u00fcretti\u011fi yemin % 50\u2019sini otlatma), \u201cmeran\u0131n daha fazla yem vermesini istiyorsan,<br \/>\n\u00fcretimin yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar otlat, yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da mera \u00fczerinde b\u0131rak\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ileri hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\n\u00fclkelerinde atas\u00f6z\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\nOtlatmada her daim bitkinin yaprak ve k\u00f6k geli\u015fim ili\u015fkisi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Meralar \u00fcniform otlat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (b\u00fct\u00fcn mera bitkileri ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ayn\u0131 derecede<br \/>\notlatma),<\/li>\n<li>Meralar bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirebilecek hayvanlarla otlat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<br \/>\n(uzun boylu bitki sahas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarla, k\u0131sa boylu bitki sahalar\u0131n\u0131 koyunlarla, \u00e7al\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131<br \/>\nsahalar\u0131 ke\u00e7ilere otlatmak gibi).<br \/>\nKarl\u0131 bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin yolu meran\u0131n bak\u0131m, \u0131slah, otlatma kapasitesi, otlatma<br \/>\nd\u00fczeni ve dinlendirmesinden ge\u00e7mektedir. \u00dclkemizde maalesef hayvan yeti\u015ftiricileri, meralar\u0131<br \/>\nerken ilkbahardan k\u0131\u015fa kadar kontrols\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde otlatmakta olup, meralar\u0131n daha iyi<br \/>\ny\u00f6netilmesi durumunda sa\u011flanacak kazan\u00e7lardan haberdar de\u011fildirler.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>KABA YEMLER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sel\u00fcloz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olan yemlere \u201ckaba yem\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Kaba yemler;<br \/>\ni\u015fkembedeki mikroorganizmalar ve asitli\u011fin d\u00fczenlenmesi, gevi\u015f getirme ve t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck<br \/>\nsalg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi ya\u015famsal fonksiyonlar nedeniyle t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f<br \/>\nhayvanlar i\u00e7in elzem bir besin madde kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kaba yemin kalitesi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\nrasyonda daha fazla konsantre yem kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmekte, bu duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da<br \/>\nhayvan\u0131n performans\u0131 (s\u00fct ve d\u00f6l verimi) ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilenmektedir.<br \/>\nBaklagil yem bitkilerinin protein, bu\u011fdaygillerin ise karbonhidrat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan<br \/>\nzengin olmas\u0131 nedeniyle hayvan\u0131n fizyolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda kaba yemde<br \/>\nprotein ve enerjinin dengede olmas\u0131 hedeflenmelidir. Dengesizlik halinde yemden<br \/>\nyararlanma oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Yem bitkisinde, ham protein oran\u0131 % 12 ve alt\u0131nda<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, %15 orta, % 18 ve \u00fczerinde y\u00fcksek; net enerji de\u011feri 1,12 Mcal\/kg ve alt\u0131nda<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, 1,27 orta, 1,42 ve \u00fczerinde ise y\u00fcksek kaliteli kaba yem olarak kabul<br \/>\nedilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaba yemin kalitesi; ham protein oran\u0131 ve net enerji de\u011feri kadar, lezzetlilik,<br \/>\nsindirilebilirlili\u011fi, toksik\/allerjik madde i\u00e7ermemesi, hayvan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131z yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun<br \/>\nolmas\u0131 da belirlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n yiyebildikleri kaba yemler; ot (\u00e7ay\u0131r otu, yonca, korunga,<br \/>\nfi\u011f \u00fc\u00e7g\u00fcl, vb.) ve has\u0131llar, samanlar (bu\u011fday, arpa, bakliyatlar vb.), hasat ve harman<br \/>\nart\u0131klar\u0131 (m\u0131s\u0131r sap\u0131, pancar yapra\u011f\u0131, sebze art\u0131klar\u0131), fabrikasyon art\u0131klar\u0131 (pancar posas\u0131,<br \/>\nmalt posas\u0131, elma posas\u0131 vb.), ve silajlard\u0131r (m\u0131s\u0131r, yonca, ot, hububat has\u0131l\u0131 vb. ).<br \/>\nKaba yemlerde maksimum sindirilebilir besin maddesi elde edilebilecek en<br \/>\nuygun bi\u00e7im zamanlar\u0131;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Bu\u011fdaygillerde ba\u015faklanma \u00f6ncesi ile erken ba\u015faklanma (bu\u011fday, arpa,<br \/>\nyulaf )<\/li>\n<li>Baklagillerde \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 (yonca, korunga, fi\u011f)<\/li>\n<li>Silajl\u0131k tah\u0131llarda (m\u0131s\u0131r, sorgun vb.) ise danenin hamur k\u0131vam\u0131<br \/>\na\u015famas\u0131na geldi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir.<\/li>\n<li>E\u011fer bu\u011fdaygiller ve baklagiller kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m halinde ise geli\u015fimleri<br \/>\nbirbirlerinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bu\u011fdaygillerin ba\u015fak olu\u015fumu<br \/>\na\u015famas\u0131nda iken hasat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kaba yemler, rutubetsiz ve havadar depolarda, depolanmadan \u00f6nce nem oran\u0131<br \/>\n% 14 alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fecek \u015fekilde kurutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6lgede kurutulan otlar\u0131n besin de\u011ferleri<br \/>\ng\u00fcne\u015ften kurutulanlara g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n<p>Hasat sonras\u0131 bitkide, oksidasyon ve protein kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 en az d\u00fczeye<br \/>\nindirebilmek i\u00e7in, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bitki \u00f6z suyunun uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<br \/>\nKaba yemin bi\u00e7imden sonra h\u0131zl\u0131ca kurutulmas\u0131, besin de\u011ferini kaybetmeden<br \/>\nsaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, mikotoksin olu\u015fumunu da \u00f6nlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Yem bitkilerinin tarlada kuruma s\u00fcreleri s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 gibi<br \/>\niklimsel fakt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra namlu profili, bi\u00e7im y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, uygulanan mekanizasyon<br \/>\ny\u00f6ntemi, yem bitkisinin t\u00fcr\u00fc, bi\u00e7im zaman\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok etkene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Otlar yeteri kadar kurutulmazsa depolama s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00fcflenme ve<br \/>\n\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeler olu\u015fabilir. Bu nedenle bi\u00e7im esnas\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda do\u011fru mekanizasyon<br \/>\ny\u00f6ntemleri kullan\u0131larak bitkinin yaprak ve g\u00f6vdesi k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\nkurutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yine baz\u0131 sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc fazla g\u00fcne\u015fe maruz kal\u0131p a\u015f\u0131r\u0131<br \/>\nkurutulan kaba yemlerde; toplama, ta\u015f\u0131ma, depolama ve yemin al\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda en<br \/>\nde\u011ferli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan yapraklar\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclmesine\/mekanik kay\u0131plara neden olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nKaba yemlerin \u00e7ok ince formda olmas\u0131, \u00e7i\u011fneme aktivitesinin ve rumen<br \/>\nkontraksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na, rumen pH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine, sel\u00fcloz sindiriminin ve<br \/>\nyem t\u00fcketiminin bask\u0131lanmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fkembede sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ortam yaratmak i\u00e7in kaba yemin kalitesi kadar fiziksel<br \/>\n\u00f6zelli\u011fi de esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaba yemin kaliteli ve iri formda olmas\u0131, kesif yeme olan<br \/>\nihtiyac\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131 gibi gevi\u015f getirmeyi te\u015fvik ederek t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<br \/>\nBir sa\u011fmal hayvana g\u00fcnl\u00fck 20-25 kg m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 veriliyorsa, gevi\u015f getirme s\u00fcresini<br \/>\nart\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 4-5 kg iri k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iyi kaliteli kuru \u00e7ay\u0131r veya yonca-korunga-has\u0131l otu<br \/>\nverilmelidir. Kaba yemle ilgili \u015fu fakt\u00f6rlere dikkat edilmelidir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u00e7ildi\u011fi vejetasyon d\u00f6nemi (baklagiller \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme ve bu\u011fdaygiller<br \/>\nba\u015faklanma ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda),<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yemin hasat bi\u00e7imi (bi\u00e7im y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve bi\u00e7imde uygulanan mekanizasyon<br \/>\ny\u00f6ntemi vb.)<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yemin bi\u00e7im say\u0131s\u0131 (1.bi\u00e7im, 2. bi\u00e7im gibi)<\/li>\n<li>Fiziksel formu (3 cm\u2019den uzun k\u0131y\u0131ml\u0131),<\/li>\n<li>Depolanma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u00fcresi,<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6lgede kolay elde edilebilir olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yem birim fiyat\u0131ndan ziyade, i\u00e7eri\u011findeki besin maddelerinin birim<br \/>\nfiyatlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kaba yem fiyat\u0131 hesaplan\u0131rken 1 kg saman, 1 kg yonca fiyat\u0131 de\u011fil, 1 kg<br \/>\nsindirilebilir sel\u00fcloz fiyat\u0131 esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Arazilerde bi\u00e7im zaman\u0131n tespitinde<br \/>\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcnse laboratuar analizlerinden faydalan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Saman; Enerji katk\u0131s\u0131 eksi ve protein katk\u0131s\u0131 (verim pay\u0131) s\u0131f\u0131r olarak kabul<br \/>\nedilir. Kaba yemlerin yoklu\u011funda bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle zor durumda kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fkembeyi<br \/>\ndolu tutmak, gevi\u015f getirmeyi garanti alt\u0131na almak ve i\u015fkembede olu\u015fan gazlar\u0131n<br \/>\nbirikimini engelleyerek \u015fi\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 tampon g\u00f6revi yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\nYemlemede, kalitesiz bir kaba yem olan saman\u0131n miktar\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a, kesif yeme olan ihtiya\u00e7<br \/>\nve besleme gideri de o oranda artacakt\u0131r. Bu\u011fday, \u00e7avdar, arpa saplar\u0131n\u0131 altl\u0131k olarak<br \/>\nkullanmak veya melas ve hububat k\u0131rmalar\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p silaj haline getirerek besin<br \/>\nde\u011ferini art\u0131rmak en ak\u0131ll\u0131ca y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0130LAJ<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Silaj; taze ve fazla su i\u00e7eren yemlerin uzun s\u00fcre saklanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla havas\u0131z<br \/>\nortamda s\u00fct asidi (laktik asit) bakterilerinin fermantasyonuyla elde edilen yemlerdir.<br \/>\nSilolanacak suca zengin yemlerin kuru madde i\u00e7eriklerinin %25-35 aras\u0131nda, kolay<br \/>\neriyebilir karbonhidrat i\u00e7eriklerinin ise en az %3 olmas\u0131 gerekir. Kaba yemlerin besin<br \/>\nde\u011ferini art\u0131rmak ve korumak i\u00e7in en iyi y\u00f6ntem slajlama metodudur.<\/p>\n<p>Silaj i\u00e7in gerekli olan oksijensiz ortam\u0131 ve laktik asit olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in<br \/>\nyem bitkisini soldurma, par\u00e7alama, do\u011frama vb. fiziksel i\u015flemler silolanmadan \u00f6nce<br \/>\nuygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Proteince zengin ancak karbonhidrat\u00e7a fakir baklagil yem bitkilerine<br \/>\nkarbonhidrat ilave edilmelidir. K\u0131saca taze yem bitkileri silaj y\u00f6ntemiyle; bakteri, maya,<br \/>\nk\u00fcf, b\u00f6cek ve kemirgenler gibi d\u0131\u015f bozulma fakt\u00f6rlerinden korunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>G\u0131da sanayi yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, konserve sanayinin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sebze art\u0131klar\u0131, hayvan<br \/>\nlahanas\u0131, \u015falgam ve pancar yapraklar\u0131, bezelye saplar\u0131, fasulye, domates, biber art\u0131klar\u0131,<br \/>\n\u015feker pancar\u0131 posas\u0131, patates cipsi art\u0131klar\u0131 silaj\u0131 yap\u0131lmak suretiyle hayvan yemi olarak<br \/>\n\u00e7ok ucuza de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silaj i\u00e7in dane verimi ve sindirilebilirlilik oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek tohum se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Toprak analizine g\u00f6re bitkinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren g\u00fcbre kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hasat zaman\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in tarla zemini d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silajl\u0131k m\u0131s\u0131rlarda, maksimum sindirilebilir besin maddesi elde<br \/>\nedebilmek i\u00e7in en uygun hasat zaman\u0131, kuru madde i\u00e7eri\u011finin % 30- 35 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nem, danelerin olgunla\u015fmaya y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fu, di\u015fle rahatl\u0131kla ezilebildi\u011fi ve<br \/>\ns\u00fct \u00e7izgisinin danenin \u00bd seviyesinde oldu\u011fu evredir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bitkilerin k\u00f6k k\u0131sm\u0131na yak\u0131n yerlerinde mikotosin ve sindirilmeyen sel\u00fcloz<br \/>\n(lignin) oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 nedeniyle silajl\u0131k m\u0131s\u0131r hasad\u0131, toprak seviyesinden 30-<br \/>\n40 cm yukar\u0131dan yap\u0131lmal\u0131, rumende iyi bir fermantasyon sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in de par\u00e7a<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 2 cm olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silaj\u0131n bozulmadan uzun s\u00fcre muhafazas\u0131, bi\u00e7im partik\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, silo alan\u0131na<br \/>\nta\u015f\u0131ma h\u0131z\u0131 ile s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla<br \/>\ndo\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silaj yap\u0131m yeri, bula\u015fmaya sebebiyet vermemek i\u00e7in hayvan at\u0131k depolar\u0131ndan<br \/>\nuzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Silo derinli\u011fi taban suyu d\u00fczeyi dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silo suyu drenaj\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in silo yerinin en az %1-2 e\u011fime sahip olmas\u0131na<br \/>\ndikkat edilmelidir. Bu ama\u00e7la e\u011fimli araziler kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, d\u00fcz arazilerde silo<br \/>\ntaban\u0131nda %1-2 e\u011fim olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silo yap\u0131 malzemesi yem suyunu emmemeli ve yem suyundan etkilenmemelidir.<br \/>\nKullan\u0131lan malzeme, yemin kalitesini bozmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silo yap\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 hava ve suyu i\u00e7eriye s\u0131zd\u0131rmayacak \u00f6zellikte olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silo duvarlar\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinde hava bo\u015flu\u011fu olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7acak girinti, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131<br \/>\nve k\u00f6\u015feler bulunmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silo a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra k\u00fcflenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 korunakl\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silaj kokusunun s\u00fcte ge\u00e7memesi i\u00e7in silaj ah\u0131rda depolanmamal\u0131 ve daima<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mdan sonra verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131saca tarlan\u0131n\/\u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131, bi\u00e7im zaman\u0131, bi\u00e7im y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, do\u011frama\/par\u00e7alama<br \/>\nuzunlu\u011fu, soldurma s\u00fcresi, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, kapatma ve a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere slaj yap\u0131m ve<br \/>\nkullan\u0131m a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n her biri slaj\u0131n kalitesi \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan etki etmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Silaj\u0131n Avantajlar\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Maliyetinin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, besleme ve sindirilme derecelerinin y\u00fcksek olu\u015fu, sevilerek<br \/>\nt\u00fcketilmesi silaj\u0131n en \u00f6nemli avantaj\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Vitaminlerce \u00f6zellikle Provitamin A y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengindir.<\/li>\n<li>Silaj yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kuru ot \u00fcretimine g\u00f6re hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na daha az ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131,<br \/>\nsilaj\u0131 yap\u0131lan bitkilerin farkl\u0131 olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6nemlerinde hasat edilebilmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma<br \/>\n\u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r<\/li>\n<li>Silajda kuru otta oldu\u011fu gibi yang\u0131n tehlikesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yabanc\u0131 ot tohumlar\u0131 silolanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden g\u00fcbre ile tarlaya<br \/>\nbula\u015fmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Silajl\u0131k bitkinin hasad\u0131 daha erken yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan senede iki \u00fcr\u00fcn alma imkan\u0131<br \/>\ndo\u011fmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ye\u015fil yemlerin kurutulmas\u0131 ile besin madde kayb\u0131 ortalama % 40-60 iken, silajda<br \/>\nbu oran\u0131n % 5-10 oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Silaj s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan birim hacimde daha fazla yem bitkisi<br \/>\ndepolanabilir. (1 m\u00b3 alanda 500-900 kg ).<\/li>\n<li>Silolama, silo kaplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece suca zengin yemlerin d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evre<br \/>\nko\u015fullar\u0131ndan etkilenmeden ve bozulmadan 2-3 y\u0131l gibi uzun s\u00fcre ile saklanmas\u0131na<br \/>\nimkan sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131ma ve pazar imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n da artmas\u0131 sonucu silaj yap\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm<br \/>\nd\u00fcnyada olduk\u00e7a pop\u00fcler bir kaba yem \u00fcretim tekni\u011fi halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Silaj\u0131n Dezavantajlar\u0131;<\/strong> Hasat, par\u00e7alama ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma makinelerinin ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti<br \/>\ny\u00fcksektir, Ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mikotoksinler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7e\u015fitli mantar t\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan sentezlenen, insan ve hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan<br \/>\nal\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 zaman zehirlenmelere neden olan kimyasal maddeler veya metabolitlerdir.<br \/>\nMikotoksin terimi mantar anlam\u0131na gelen myco ve zehir anlam\u0131na gelen toxin<br \/>\nkelimelerinin birle\u015fmesinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda risk olu\u015fturan mikotoksinler,<br \/>\nAspergillus, Penicillium ve Fusarium t\u00fcr\u00fc mantarlar taraf\u0131ndan sentezlenirler. Yem ve<br \/>\nyem hammaddeleri; tarlada, harmanda, ta\u015f\u0131ma, depolama ve haz\u0131rlama esnas\u0131nda<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131k ve rutubetin uygun olmas\u0131 halinde mantarlar\u0131n istilas\u0131na u\u011frayarak<br \/>\nmikotoksinlerle kirlenebilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde mikotoksin kontaminasyonu tarlada olgunla\u015fma evresinden<br \/>\nba\u015flayarak, hasatta, kurutma a\u015famas\u0131nda ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak da depolanma d\u00f6neminde<br \/>\nmeydana gelir. Mikotoksinler; hayvanlarda kanserojenik, mutajenik, teratojenik,<br \/>\n\u00f6strojenik, n\u00f6rotoksik ve imm\u00fcno toksik etki yapabilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Tarlada mantaralar (Fusarium) bir y\u0131ldan di\u011fer y\u0131la ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, m\u0131s\u0131rda toprak<br \/>\ni\u015flemesiz ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k tar\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131, mikotoksin riskini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nMantarlar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcyebilmesi veya geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u00e7evresel etkenlerin<br \/>\nba\u015f\u0131nda rutubet gelir. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 10-40 \u00b0C, pH\u2019n\u0131n 4-8 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve su aktivitesinin en<br \/>\naz 0,7 oldu\u011fu \u015fartlarda \u00fcreme g\u00f6sterebilen k\u00fcfler, silaj gibi y\u00fcksek nem i\u00e7eren yem<br \/>\nmaddelerinde ise oksijenle temas etti\u011finde \u00fcreme \u015fans\u0131na sahip olurlar. K\u00fcf mantarlar\u0131,<br \/>\nyemlerdeki besin maddeleri t\u00fcketerek ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri yetmezmi\u015f gibi ortama<br \/>\nzehirli madde salaraktan da yemleri de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmektedirler. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle<br \/>\nmantarlar yemleri t\u00fcketmekte, kalan\u0131n\u0131 da pisletmektedir\/zehirlemektedir.<br \/>\nTah\u0131llar\u0131n (bu\u011fday, arpa, m\u0131s\u0131r, yulaf, \u00e7avdar, pirin\u00e7) toz haline gelmi\u015f hasarl\u0131 ve<br \/>\nk\u0131r\u0131k oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda mikotoksin olu\u015fumu \u00fcst seviyeye \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle; tah\u0131llar\u0131n danelerini koruyan kavuzun (kabu\u011fun), b\u00f6ceklerden ve mekanik<br \/>\netkenlerden zarar g\u00f6rmesini engellemek i\u00e7in tarladan depolanmaya kadar ki t\u00fcm<br \/>\ns\u00fcre\u00e7lerde \u00f6zel \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Mikotoksinler hayvanlarda; ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na,<br \/>\nsindirim kanal\u0131n\u0131n tahri\u015f olmas\u0131na, endokrin sisteminin etkilenmesine, rumen<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar\u0131n\u0131n aktivitesinin engellenmesine sebep olurlar. Zehirlenmenin<br \/>\n\u015fiddetine ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda; geli\u015fme bozuklu\u011fu, metabolik<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar, yem t\u00fcketiminde azalma, yemden yararlanamama, s\u00fct miktar\u0131nda azalma,<br \/>\nd\u00f6l veriminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck, at\u0131klar, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k, depresyon, kanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015fk\u0131,<br \/>\nishal, zay\u0131flama, ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok klinik belirtiler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Buza\u011f\u0131lar ve<br \/>\ngebe hayvanlar mikotoksinlere kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a duyarl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcfl\u00fc yemler do\u011frudan hayvan\u0131n metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 bozdu\u011fu gibi g\u0131dalara<br \/>\nge\u00e7erek insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ciddi bir \u015fekilde etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle az miktarda da olsa<br \/>\nhayvanlara k\u00fcflenmi\u015f silaj, kuru ot veya kesif yemler ile yine bu ba\u011flamda insan<br \/>\nt\u00fcketimine uygun olmayan ekmek, elma, patates, lahana, otel ve lokanta art\u0131klar\u0131 gibi<br \/>\ng\u0131dalar hayvanlara verilmemelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Mikotosin \u00fcremesinde \u015f\u00fcphe edilen yem hammaddelerinden numune al\u0131n\u0131rken<br \/>\nsadece k\u00fcfl\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131mlardan de\u011fil en az on farkl\u0131 noktadan (m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar temsil<br \/>\nsay\u0131da olmas\u0131) \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak usul\u00fcne uygun seri bir \u015fekilde laboratuvara<br \/>\nula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olan olumsuz etkileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda,<br \/>\nlaboratuvarda kolayca yap\u0131lan mikotoksin analiz maliyetlerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nToksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n etkinli\u011fi bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015febildi\u011fi gibi, hi\u00e7<br \/>\nbirisinin tek ba\u015f\u0131na her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mikotoksine kar\u015f\u0131 tesirli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir.<br \/>\nMikotoksin i\u00e7eren yemler, toksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lara g\u00fcvenilerek hayvanlar\u0131n t\u00fcketimine<br \/>\nsunulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede toksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da<br \/>\ns\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nTah\u0131llar nem oran\u0131 %13\u2019\u00fcn, otlar ise % 15-18\u2019in alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek<br \/>\ndepolanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Depolanma alanlar\u0131 depolanma \u00f6ncesinde temizlenerek, p\u00fcrm\u00fczle<br \/>\nyak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, her y\u0131l d\u00fcnya tah\u0131l ve ya\u011fl\u0131 tohum \u00fcretiminin en<br \/>\naz %1\u2019i \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme ve k\u00fcflenme y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u015fe yaramaz hale gelirken, %25-40\u2019a yak\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131<br \/>\nda de\u011fi\u015fik derecelerde mikotoksinlerle kirlendi\u011fi ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\nNemden korunmak i\u00e7in yem depo taban\u0131 toprak seviyesinden y\u00fcksekte ve<br \/>\ng\u00fcne\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 korunakl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6kme yemler \u00e7abuk bozulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7uvallarda veya silolarda muhafaza<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Ot y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bir s\u00fcre daha nemini atmaya devam edece\u011fi i\u00e7in<br \/>\netraf\u0131 hemen naylonlarla kapat\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar \u00fczerinden ya\u011fmur ve kar sular\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\ngirmesi engellenmeli, aralar\u0131nda bo\u015fluklar b\u0131rak\u0131larak, kuruluk sa\u011flayacak yeterli hava<br \/>\nak\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yem depolama alanlar\u0131nda kuruluk sa\u011flayacak havaland\u0131rma ve<br \/>\nkoruma tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan elzemdir.<\/p>\n<p>Yemler; \u00fcretimi, hasad\u0131, nakliyesi, depolanmas\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131n t\u00fcketimine kadar<br \/>\nt\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde mantarlarla (k\u00fcf) kirlenebilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak<br \/>\nmikotoksinler y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00fcrekli kontrol\/analiz edilmeli, limitlerin \u00fczerindekiler imha<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130yi Bir Rasyonun Kriterleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u00f6ncelikle kaba yeme dayal\u0131 olarak beslenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaba yemle<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lanmayan eksik besin maddeleri konsantre yemlerle tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak s\u00fct<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n besin maddesi gereksinimlerinin bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiyor olmas\u0131, yem<br \/>\nmaddelerinin ise besin madde i\u00e7erikleri ve yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\ng\u00f6sterebilmeleri rasyon dengelenmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve baz\u0131 temel bilgileri zorunlu<br \/>\nhale getirmektedir. S\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoru (VKS) rasyon belirlemede en<br \/>\n\u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergedir.<br \/>\nRasyon haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda; ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde do\u011fru hesaplanm\u0131\u015f rasyondan, hayvan\u0131n<br \/>\nsindirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu rasyona kadar ki 5 a\u015famada farkl\u0131 rasyon olabilece\u011fi dikkate<br \/>\nal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde besin de\u011feri e\u015fit olan yoncan\u0131n fazla par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nhali ile \u00e7ok kaba b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketimi ve sindiriminin ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131<br \/>\nbeklenmez. Bu nedenle besleme uzmanlar\u0131 be\u015f farkl\u0131 rasyondan bahsetmektedirler.<br \/>\nBunlar;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerindeki rasyon,<\/li>\n<li>Yem karma makinalar\u0131\/kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma vagonlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenen rasyon,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yem karma makinalar\u0131\/kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma vagonlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan rasyon,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hayvan\u0131n yedi\u011fi rasyon,<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan\u0131n sindirdi\u011fi rasyon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Rasyon \u015fayet iyi bir \u015fekilde dengelenmemi\u015f ise inekler baz\u0131 besin maddelerini<br \/>\ngere\u011finden fazla ya da yetersiz al\u0131yor olabilir. Dengesiz rasyonla beslenen s\u00fcr\u00fclerdeki<br \/>\nhayvanlar hi\u00e7 bir zaman genetik kabiliyetlerini yans\u0131tamaz. \u0130neklerin genetik<br \/>\nkabiliyetleri\/performans\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a rasyon dengesizliklerine daha duyarl\u0131 oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nunutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130yi haz\u0131rlanmam\u0131\u015f rasyonlar, verim kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcmlere varana<br \/>\nkadar etkileri olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvan\u0131n kuru madde ve besin gereksinimleri; ya\u015fam pay\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcme, gebelik ve<br \/>\nverim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hayvan\u0131n Gereksinim Duydu\u011fu Besin Maddeleri;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>a) Su (i\u00e7me suyu); S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda su t\u00fcketimi, t\u00fcketti\u011fi yem miktar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri,<br \/>\nhava ko\u015fullar\u0131, s\u00fct verimi ve laktasyon d\u00f6nemi gibi fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fim<br \/>\ng\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130neklerde su t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131, t\u00fcketilen kuru maddenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 4-6<br \/>\nkat\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcnde 25-30 litre s\u00fct veren 600 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir s\u00fct ine\u011finin g\u00fcnl\u00fck su<br \/>\nt\u00fcketimi 100 litreye kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<br \/>\nSuyun ya\u015famsal \u00f6nemi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yetersizli\u011fi do\u011frudan verim \u00fczerine etki<br \/>\netmektedir. Bu nedenle ah\u0131r i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131n her daim kolayca ula\u015fabildi\u011fi yeter<br \/>\nsay\u0131daki suluklarda (grubun en az %10\u2019nun istedi\u011fi zaman su i\u00e7ebilmesine izin veren<br \/>\nyeterli yalak alan\u0131), temiz, serin ve taze su bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su yala\u011f\u0131 hayvanlar i\u00e7in<br \/>\ndo\u011fru y\u00fckseklikte konumland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcnde iki kez sabah ak\u015fam sulama \u00f6zellikle<br \/>\ns\u0131cak havalarda besilik, y\u00fcksek verimli s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda, buza\u011f\u0131larda, ileri gebelerde<br \/>\nyeterli olmamaktad\u0131r. Hayvanlara her daim su sunman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda,<br \/>\n24 saate en az 3 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn sulama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak sulama \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolarak daha fazla art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130drar\u0131n rengi ve bo\u015faltma\/yapma s\u00fcresi susuzlu\u011fun g\u00f6stergesi olarak<br \/>\nde\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>b) Enerji kaynaklar\u0131: Uzun lifli karbonhidratlar; gevi\u015f getirmeyi uyar\u0131rlar ve<br \/>\nsindirim kanal\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fi d\u00fczenlerler. Lifsiz karbonhidratlar; ni\u015fasta ve \u015feker gibi<br \/>\nkolay eriyebilir enerji konsantreleri veya ya\u011flar; enerji gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere<br \/>\nveya esansiyel ya\u011f asitleri kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir.<br \/>\nUzmanlarca s\u00fct ine\u011fi rasyonlar\u0131ndaki optimum ni\u015fasta seviyesi tam olarak<br \/>\ntan\u0131mlanmamakla birlikte, toplam kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re rasyondaki oran\u0131n\u0131 %24-27<br \/>\naras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmektedir. S\u00fct ineklerinde ni\u015fasta sindirilebilirli\u011finin<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fi (%70-100), bu nedenle de d\u0131\u015fk\u0131da ni\u015fasta tayini yaparak<br \/>\nrasyondaki ni\u015fasta oran\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131 daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>c) Ham protein: \u0130\u015fkembede par\u00e7alanan ve par\u00e7alanmayan proteinler ile protein<br \/>\nyap\u0131s\u0131nda olmayan azotlu bile\u015fiklerden olu\u015fur.<br \/>\nBitkilerin geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyine (olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na) veya yeti\u015fti\u011fi topraklar\u0131n<br \/>\ng\u00fcbrelenme \u00e7e\u015fit ve d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fczeylerde nitrit, nitrat gibi azot<br \/>\ni\u00e7eren ama protein olmayan bile\u015fikler de, temelde azot i\u00e7ermelerinden dolay\u0131 ham<br \/>\nprotein kapsam\u0131na dahil olurlar. Rumen mikroorganizmalar\u0131, azot i\u00e7eren ama protein<br \/>\nolmayan bile\u015fikleri de amonya\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek, h\u00fccre proteinlerinin veya azotlu<br \/>\nbile\u015fiklerinin sentezinde kullan\u0131rlar. Mikrobiyal protein \u00fcretiminin optimum d\u00fczeyde<br \/>\nmeydana gelmesi, hayvanlardan beklenen verimin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, rumen ortam\u0131na ve<br \/>\nhayvanlara verebilece\u011fi olumsuz etkilerin \u00f6nlenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir.<br \/>\nYemlerdeki ger\u00e7ek proteinlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 rumendeki mikrobiyal y\u0131k\u0131mlama<br \/>\n(fermentasyon) olay\u0131ndan etkilenmeden yani amonya\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden rumenden ge\u00e7erek<br \/>\n4.mide b\u00f6lmesine (abomasum-\u015firden) ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu proteinlere By-Pass proteinler denir.<br \/>\nYemlerin rumendeki ham protein (HP) par\u00e7alana bilirlikleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; arpada<br \/>\nbulunan ham proteinin rumendeki y\u0131k\u0131mlanma oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k % 80 iken, yulaf\u0131n % 35,<br \/>\nsoya k\u00fcspesinin % 65, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi k\u00fcspesinin %70, soldurulmu\u015f veya kurutulmu\u015f yonca<br \/>\notunun % 75, m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131n\u0131n % 60 d\u0131r.<br \/>\nS\u00fct ine\u011fi rasyonlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken ham protein d\u00fczeyi yan\u0131nda protein<br \/>\nfraksiyonlar\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fct ineklerinin ihtiyac\u0131 olan aminoasit miktar\u0131 s\u00fct<br \/>\n\u00fcretim d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak artmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nYem maddelerinin ham protein kapsam\u0131; gevi\u015f getiren hayvanlarda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc<br \/>\nazotlu maddeden i\u015fkembedeki mikroorganizmalar taraf\u0131ndan protein \u00fcretiliyor olsa da<br \/>\ny\u00fcksek verimli ineklerde i\u015fkembede \u00fcretilen protein miktar\u0131 gereksinimin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131layamayabilir. Bu durumda rasyonda i\u015fkembede par\u00e7alanmayan protein oran\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n% 6 ve daha \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 istenir. Laktasyondaki ineklerde rasyon ham proteininin<br \/>\n\u00fcre gibi protein yap\u0131s\u0131nda olmayan azotlu bile\u015fiklerden gelen k\u0131sm\u0131 toplam protein<br \/>\nazotunun 1\/3\u2019 \u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7memelidir.<\/p>\n<p>d) Mineraller: makro mineraller (v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kg ba\u015f\u0131na 50 mg \u00fczerinde) ve<br \/>\nmikro mineraller (v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kg ba\u015f\u0131na 50 mg&#8217;\u0131n alt\u0131nda) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Makro<br \/>\nmineraller aras\u0131nda, sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum, fosfor, klor, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve magnezyum,<br \/>\nmikro mineraller aras\u0131nda da; demir, flor, iyot, selenyum, krom, manganez, bak\u0131r, \u00e7inko<br \/>\nve bor bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>e) Vitaminler ( A, D, E, K ile C ve B kompleks)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hayvan\u0131n Gereksinim Duydu\u011fu Kuru Madde Miktar\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yemin kuru madde kapsam\u0131 bir taraftan o yemin besin maddesi ve enerji<br \/>\nyo\u011funlu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirken, di\u011fer taraftan rasyonda ne kadar yer alabilece\u011fi<br \/>\nkonusunda da fikir sahibi olmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin ya\u015f \u015feker pancar\u0131 posas\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131rsak<br \/>\nkuru madde kapsam\u0131 %10\u2019a kadar d\u00fc\u015febilece\u011finden, besin maddeleri ve enerji<br \/>\nkapsam\u0131n\u0131n kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re orta derecede, fakat do\u011fal halde ise olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<br \/>\noldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Y\u00fcksek verimli bir ine\u011fin gereksinimlerinin bu t\u00fcr yem<br \/>\nmaddelerinden kar\u015f\u0131lanmaya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hayvan\u0131n rumen kapasitesinin yeterli<br \/>\nolmayabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Yemlerin kuru madde kapsamlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda konsantre<br \/>\nyemler i\u00e7in hammadde depolama olanaklar\u0131 ve hangi hammaddelerin t\u00fcketimine \u00f6ncelik<br \/>\nverilmesi gerekti\u011fi hakk\u0131nda da yol g\u00f6stericidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct \u0130neklerinde V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoru (VKS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct ineklerinde beslenme durumunu de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoru<br \/>\n(VKS) en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lardan biridir. VKS tayini, s\u0131rt ya\u011f\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n elle (s\u00fcbjektif)<br \/>\nveya ultrasonla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesiyle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (1 de\u011feri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131f, 5 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fl\u0131).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4417\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/VKS.jpg\" alt=\"VKS\" width=\"561\" height=\"653\" \/><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u0131rklar\u0131nda ine\u011fin v\u00fccut ya\u011f\u0131 miktar\u0131; yem t\u00fcketimi, s\u00fct \u00fcretimi,<br \/>\n\u00fcreme etkinli\u011fi ve hayvan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemlidir. V\u00fccut ya\u011f\u0131 rezervinin yetersiz<br \/>\noldu\u011fu yani zay\u0131f ineklerde laktasyonun ba\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fct \u00fcretimini destekleyecek yeterli enerji<br \/>\nkayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, yine ya\u011fl\u0131 ineklerde laktasyonun ba\u015flar\u0131nda kuru madde t\u00fcketiminde<br \/>\nazalmaya neden olan \u00e7e\u015fitli metabolik hastal\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00fct veriminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<br \/>\nV\u00fccutta ya\u011f\u0131n depolanmas\u0131 kadar depolanan ya\u011flar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda<br \/>\nkanda serbest halde dola\u015fan ya\u011f asitleri yumurta h\u00fccreleri \u00fczerine zehirli etki g\u00f6stermektedir.<br \/>\nAyr\u0131ca enerji yetersizli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yumurtal\u0131klar\u0131n iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<br \/>\nkaliteli yumurta h\u00fccresi \u00fcretmesine neden olaca\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyada ki b\u00fct\u00fcn modern i\u015fletmeler, rasyonun, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve sevk idarenin yerinde olup<br \/>\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in VKS y\u00f6ntemiyle s\u00fcr\u00fcdeki t\u00fcm hayvanlar\u0131n fizyolojik d\u00f6nemlerine<br \/>\ng\u00f6re v\u00fccuttaki ya\u011f d\u00fczeylerini\/enerji rezervlerini tespit etmektedirler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct \u0130nekleri Fizyolojik D\u00f6nemlerine G\u00f6re Arzulanan V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skorlar\u0131 (VKS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4418\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/vks2.jpg\" alt=\"vks2\" width=\"580\" height=\"592\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0130neklerin Laktasyon D\u00f6nemlerine G\u00f6re Beslenmesi<br \/>\n\u0130neklerin sa\u011f\u0131m d\u00f6nemindeki beslenmeleri; s\u00fct verimi d\u00fczeyleri, kuru madde<br \/>\nt\u00fcketme kabiliyetleri ve canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kay\u0131plar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>1. D\u00f6nem: Do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 10 hafta (\u0130lk 70 g\u00fcn),<br \/>\n2. D\u00f6nem: Do\u011fumdan sonraki 10-20 hafta (70-140 g\u00fcn),<br \/>\n3. D\u00f6nem: Do\u011fumdan sonraki 20. haftadan kuruya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lana kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. D\u00f6nem (Do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 10 hafta)<\/strong>; \u0130ne\u011fin do\u011fum yapmas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\ntakiben ba\u015flayan sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n bu ilk evresinde iyi bir bak\u0131m ve besleme uygulanmas\u0131 inekten<br \/>\nbir sa\u011f\u0131m d\u00f6neminde (305 g\u00fcn) elde edilecek toplam s\u00fct veriminin en y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeye<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct ineklerinde enerji dengesini kuru madde t\u00fcketimi ve s\u00fct verimi<br \/>\nbelirlemektedir. S\u00fct ine\u011finin do\u011fumdan sonraki 4. g\u00fcn enerji ihtiyac\u0131, kuru madde<br \/>\nt\u00fcketimiyle sa\u011flanandan yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak %26 daha fazlad\u0131r. Bununla beraber, kuru<br \/>\nmadde t\u00fcketimiyle sa\u011flanan net enerjinin %97\u2019si ve metabolik proteinin %83\u2019\u00fc meme<br \/>\nbezlerinde s\u00fct \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple buza\u011f\u0131lamaya yak\u0131n ve<br \/>\nlaktasyonunun ilk 10 haftas\u0131nda kuru madde t\u00fcketimini uyarmak amac\u0131yla, enerji<br \/>\nihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeyde dengeli, lezzetli ve sindirilebilirli\u011fi y\u00fcksek rasyonlar\u0131n<br \/>\nhaz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6zellikle y\u00fcksek s\u00fct verimine sahip s\u00fct ineklerinde bu d\u00f6nemde<br \/>\nby-pass protein kaynaklar\u0131 ve ya\u011f preparatlar\u0131 tercih edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum yapan hayvan ilk 15 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yani lohusa d\u00f6neminde sa\u011fl\u0131k kontrolleri<br \/>\n\u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<br \/>\nLaktasyonun birinci d\u00f6nemindeki ana problem, ine\u011fin s\u00fct verimi en y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nd\u00fczeye ula\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yem t\u00fcketiminin yeterince artmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde<br \/>\nnegatif enerji bilan\u00e7osuna maruz kalan inek, v\u00fccut rezervlerini kullanmaktad\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle ilk 10 haftada ine\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve verimini koruyacak ek tedbirler<br \/>\nuygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u00fct ineklerinde beslenme durumunu de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in V\u00fccut Kondisyon<br \/>\nSkoru (VKS) s\u00fcrekli izlenmelidir. Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, ineklerde VKS<br \/>\nkayb\u0131n\u0131n en aza indirilmesi alt\u0131n kurald\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Rasyonun enerji i\u00e7eri\u011finin ve kuru madde t\u00fcketiminin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla negatif<br \/>\nenerji bilan\u00e7o s\u00fcresi ve \u015fiddeti azalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7 sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lan ineklerin, iki sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re % 10-20 oran\u0131nda daha<br \/>\nfazla s\u00fct vermesi ile klinik mastitis olgular\u0131nda belirgin bir azalmay\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131<br \/>\ngibi olumlu etkileri olmakla birlikte, do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 20 g\u00fcnde ine\u011fin<br \/>\nenerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirece\u011finden g\u00fcnde ikiden fazla sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\n\u00f6nerilmemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Mutlaka iyi kaliteli bir kaba yem kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer iyi kaliteli kaba yem<br \/>\nolanaklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131ysa, kaliteli kaba yemler hayvanlar\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemleri i\u00e7in<br \/>\nayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvana g\u00fcnl\u00fck yedirilen toplam yemin en az % 50\u2019sini kaliteli kaba yem<br \/>\nolu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu oran kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Silajlar\u0131n<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5-3,5 kg\u2019\u0131n\u0131n 1 kg kuru yeme denk geldi\u011fi hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba ve konsantre yemler homojen bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak birlikte verilmelidir.<br \/>\nSindirim sistemi sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yemlemede\/\u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde maksimum 2 kg\/ba\u015f<br \/>\nkonsantre yem verilmelidir. T\u00fcketimi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in konsantre yem g\u00fcnde 3-5<br \/>\n\u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde sunulmal\u0131. G\u00fcnde 1-2 kez yemleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda rumen pH<br \/>\nde\u011feri 5,1-7,1 aras\u0131nda dalgalanacakt\u0131r. pH\u2019daki bu dalgalanma, sindirim sistemi<br \/>\nperformans\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in arzu edilen bir durum de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Kaba ve konsantre yemler homojen bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak birlikte verme<br \/>\nimkan\u0131 yoksa, rumen asidozundan korumak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce kaba yem ard\u0131ndan<br \/>\nkonsantre yem verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yemin en az yar\u0131s\u0131 5\u2019 cm den daha uzun do\u011franm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nce k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nm\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131, pancar posas\u0131, domates ve elma posalar\u0131 gibi ince ve lif bak\u0131m\u0131ndan<br \/>\nzay\u0131f uzunlu\u011fa sahip yemlerin kaba k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 3-4 kg kuru otla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak<br \/>\nverilmesi, hem sindirile bilirli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131r, hem de hayvan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na<br \/>\nyard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fct verimi takip edilerek verilecek yem miktar\u0131 s\u00fct verimine g\u00f6re<br \/>\nayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la do\u011fumu takiben ilk 8-10 g\u00fcnde konsantre yem<br \/>\nmiktar\u0131 kontroll\u00fc olarak g\u00fcnde 500 gr art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu art\u0131\u015f hayvan\u0131n<br \/>\ngereksinimleri do\u011frultusunda ayarlanmal\u0131, hayvanlar \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde verime<br \/>\nkesinlikle zorlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00fcksek s\u00fct veriminden do\u011fan enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\nolarak yeme hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na 500 gr kadar ya\u011f ilave edilebilir. Verilecek olan<br \/>\nya\u011f\u0131n doymu\u015f ya\u011flardan olu\u015fmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmektedir. Propilen glikol negatif<br \/>\nenerji dengesinin yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuzluklar\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede d\u00fczelten bir enerji<br \/>\nkayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hayvanlara a\u011f\u0131zdan g\u00fcnl\u00fck 300-400 ml verilmesinde fayda vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanan rasyon % 17 oran\u0131nda ham protein<br \/>\ni\u00e7ermelidir. M\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131 gibi enerjice zengin, proteince fakir kaba yemlerin<br \/>\nkullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda kesif yemdeki protein oran\u0131 ise % 22-26 aras\u0131nda<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Metabolizma ve immun sistemin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi i\u00e7in rasyona dengeli bir<br \/>\n\u015fekilde; A, D, E vitaminleri ile kalsiyum, fosfor, selenyum, bak\u0131r, \u00e7inko, iyot,<br \/>\nmanganez ve kobalt mineralleri ilave edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Rasyonun Katyon- Anyon Fark\u0131n\u0131 (RKAD) belirlemek i\u00e7in idrar pH\u2019s\u0131na<br \/>\nbak\u0131labilir. RKAD (meq) = Katyon (Na + K) -Anyon(S+ Cl) fark\u0131 (+ ) ve idrar<br \/>\npH\u2019s\u0131 7-8 olursa rasyona anyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak amonyum klorit, amonyum<br \/>\ns\u00fclfat, kalsiyum klorit, magnezyum s\u00fclfat; katyon anyon fark\u0131 (\u2013) ve idrar pH\u2019s\u0131<br \/>\n5,5-6,2 ise katyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak sodyum bikarbonat ve potasyum karbonat<br \/>\nilave edilebilir. Ancak yem katk\u0131 maddeleri sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde yard\u0131mc\u0131 rol<br \/>\noynayabilir esas yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken rasyonun yap\u0131s\u0131nda ve y\u00f6netiminde katyon<br \/>\nve anyon dengesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda s\u00fct ve d\u00f6l verimini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen metabolizma<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n en<br \/>\n\u00f6nemlileri ketozis, ya\u011fl\u0131 karaci\u011fer sendromu, rumen asidozu, hipokalsemi, abomasum<br \/>\ndeplasman\u0131, laminitis ve son atamamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130kinci D\u00f6nem (do\u011fumdan sonraki 10-20 hafta)<\/strong>; \u0130kinci d\u00f6nem s\u00fct verimindeki<br \/>\nart\u0131\u015f\u0131n duraklay\u0131p yava\u015f, yava\u015f azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki azalman\u0131n<br \/>\nolabildi\u011fince yava\u015f olmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ilk d\u00f6nemde iyi bir bak\u0131m ve besleme<br \/>\nuygulanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Laktasyonun ikinci d\u00f6neminde de kaba yemin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nkadar kaliteli olmas\u0131 ve s\u00fct veriminin takip edilerek s\u00fct verimine g\u00f6re rasyon<br \/>\nd\u00fczenlenmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde s\u00fct verimi y\u00fcksek olsa da yem<br \/>\nt\u00fcketimi y\u00fckseldi\u011finden, ine\u011fin enerji ve besin madde gereksinimi rahatl\u0131kla<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lanabilir. Laktasyonun bu d\u00f6neminde de ilk d\u00f6nemdeki kurallara dikkat etmek<br \/>\ngerekir ve dikkat edilmedi\u011fi takdirde ayn\u0131 beslenme bozuklar\u0131 olu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00f6nem (do\u011fumdan sonraki 20. haftadan kuruya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ncaya kadar)<\/strong>;<br \/>\nLaktasyonun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nemi hayvan\u0131n bak\u0131m ve beslenmesinin en kolay y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebildi\u011fi<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki problem hayvan\u0131n besin maddesi ve enerji gereksinimlerinin<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lanamamas\u0131 de\u011fil, hayvan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beslenmesi ve ya\u011fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle<br \/>\nine\u011fin s\u00fct verimi \u00e7ok iyi takip edilmeli ve s\u00fct verimi azald\u0131k\u00e7a verilen yem miktar\u0131 da<br \/>\nazalt\u0131larak hayvan\u0131n ya\u011flanmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct Ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Etkileyen Fakt\u00f6rler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma, normal oranlarda s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretilebilmesi i\u00e7in<br \/>\ni\u015fkembede yemlerin sindirilmesi sonucu meydana gelen u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f asitlerinin; % 65\u2019i<br \/>\nasetik asit, % 20\u2019si propiyonik asit ve % 15\u2019inin b\u00fctirik asitten olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini<br \/>\nortaya koymu\u015ftur. S\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n memede \u00fcretilmesinde, ba\u015fl\u0131ca asetik asit kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ok<br \/>\naz miktarda da b\u00fctirik asit kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fkembede \u00fcretilen asetik asit miktar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00e7ok olmas\u0131 s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da istenilen d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u0130\u015fkembedeki u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f<br \/>\nasitleri kompozisyonu ise rasyonun bile\u015fimi, yemlerin fiziksel \u015fekli gibi bir\u00e7ok<br \/>\nfakt\u00f6rden etkilenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Rasyona giren yemlerin miktar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan fakt\u00f6rler: Hayvan\u0131n sindirim<br \/>\nsistemi \u00fczerine olabilecek ishal yap\u0131c\u0131 etkileri nedeni ile kepek ve melas\u0131n konsantre<br \/>\nyemde % 20, toplam rasyonda %15 ten fazla bulunmas\u0131 istenmez. Bir\u00e7ok tah\u0131l\u0131n ya\u011f<br \/>\nkapsamlar\u0131 itibar\u0131 ile s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiledi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kaba ve konsantre yem oran\u0131: Genel bir kural olarak, kabul edilebilir<br \/>\nd\u00fczeylerde s\u00fct ya\u011f oran\u0131n\u0131 elde edebilmek i\u00e7in rasyon kuru maddesinin en az % 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nkaba yemlerden olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve yine rasyonda en az % 23 oran\u0131nda ham sel\u00fcloz<br \/>\nbulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi bildirilmektedir. % 65 oran\u0131nda kaliteli kaba yem i\u00e7eren bir<br \/>\nrasyonla hayvan\u0131n genetik kabiliyetinin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n d\u00fczeyde s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 elde edilmesi<br \/>\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Konsantre yemin \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclmesi: \u00c7ok ince \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ya da \u00e7ok ince \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclerek<br \/>\npeletlenmi\u015f konsantre yemleri yiyen ineklerin s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n, taneleri kabaca<br \/>\nk\u0131r\u0131larak veya ezme haline getirilerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f konsantre yemleri yiyen ineklerinkine<br \/>\ng\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Serbest yemleme sistemlerinde peletlenmi\u015f<br \/>\nyemlerin s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zelli\u011fi sayesinde hayvanlar kaba yeme oranla daha fazla tane yem<br \/>\nt\u00fcketmekte bu nedenle de s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131nda bir azalma meydana gelebilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaba yemlerin \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclmesi ya da peletlenmesi: Kuru otlar\u0131n peletleme ya da<br \/>\nherhangi bir nedenle \u00e7ok ince do\u011franmas\u0131 ve yine silajlar\u0131n \u00e7ok ince k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nmateryallerden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, kaba yemlerin i\u015fkembeden ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok art\u0131rmas\u0131 ve<br \/>\nsindirimlerinin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 oran\u0131 \u00fczerine olumsuz etki yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u2013 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 rom\u00f6rklerin kullan\u0131m k\u0131lavuzuna g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lmamalar\u0131 halinde,<br \/>\nl\u00fczumsuz kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve kesme i\u015flemi sonucunda \u00e7ok ince k\u0131y\u0131lan kaba yemler adeta<br \/>\n\u00e7amur haline gelmekte ve sel\u00fcloz de\u011ferleri yok olmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131sa\/ince kaba yemler,<br \/>\ni\u015fkembe asitli\u011fini dengeleyen ve sindirime yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak<br \/>\nyemlerden yararlanmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Yine \u00e7ok iri partik\u00fcller halinde olan kaba yemleri hayvanlar yeterince<br \/>\nt\u00fcketmedi\u011finden asidoza yakalanaca\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyondaki kaba yemin; kuru<br \/>\nmadde baz\u0131nda en az yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 5 cm den fazla olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nSunulan rasyon ile yemlikte artan yemin fiziksel formu (partik\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc)<br \/>\naras\u0131nda en fazla % 3-5\u2019lik farkl\u0131l\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kaba yemler; gevi\u015f getirme s\u00fcresini azaltan patoz saman\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa<br \/>\nk\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131 veya do\u011franmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaba yemler rumenin iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir<br \/>\nsindirim faaliyeti i\u00e7in gevi\u015f getirmeyi te\u015fvik etmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Sel\u00fcloz d\u00fczeyi: Rasyonun tavsiye edilen minimum sel\u00fcloz d\u00fczeyi % 18-19 dur.<br \/>\nBu oranda ham sel\u00fcloz d\u00fczeyini sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in hayvan\u0131n canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az %<br \/>\n1,5\u2019u oran\u0131nda kuru madde baz\u0131nda kaba yem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>Konsantre yemin kompozisyonu: Konsantre yemde tane m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n oran\u0131 % 50\u2019yi,<br \/>\ntoplam rasyonda ise kuru madde baz\u0131nda % 35\u2019i ge\u00e7memesi gerekir. Soya i\u015fleme<br \/>\ntesisleri ve turun\u00e7gil posalar\u0131 s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eder. Tah\u0131l kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki<br \/>\nbu\u011fday miktar\u0131 ise %25 ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mevcut bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fkembenin<br \/>\nnormal fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in kolay eriyebilen karbonhidratlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nrasyonda % 35\u2019i ge\u00e7memesi \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Yemleme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131: M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse kaba ve kesif yemler homojen bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\nkar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, ineklere s\u00fcrekli homojen yem t\u00fcketme imkan\u0131 sunulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn<br \/>\nsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 yem se\u00e7me olay\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tampon etkili yem katk\u0131lar\u0131: Yem katk\u0131 maddeleri sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde<br \/>\nyard\u0131mc\u0131 rol oynayabilir. Esas odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken rasyonun yap\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimidir.<br \/>\nSodyum bikarbonat (NaHCO3)ve Magnezyum oksit (MgO) gibi yem katk\u0131 maddeleri<br \/>\ns\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa neden olur. Ancak bunlar\u0131n etkileri yeterli kaba yem verildi\u011fi ve s\u00fct<br \/>\nya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen \u00e7ok ekstra durumlar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvan\u0131n; y\u00fcksek oranda m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131, nem oran\u0131 %50&#8217;den fazla olan kaba yemler,<br \/>\ncanl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n %2&#8217;sinden fazla kesif yem, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck partik\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip kaba<br \/>\nyemler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tampon etkili maddelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. Bu tip<br \/>\nrasyonlarla hayvanda yem t\u00fcketimi ve s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Tampon etkili maddelerin<\/p>\n<p>kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile yem t\u00fcketimi, sel\u00fcloz sindirimi ve mikrobiyel protein sentezi<br \/>\niyile\u015ftirilebilir. Uzmanlar; toplam rasyon kuru maddesinde tampon madde olarak % 0,6-<br \/>\n0,8 oran\u0131nda sodyum bikarbonat (NaHCO\u021d) veya sodyum bikarbonat + magnezyum<br \/>\noksit (3:1 oran\u0131nda) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedirler.<\/p>\n<p>Ye\u015fil \u00e7ay\u0131r ve merada otlatma ya da bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f taze ye\u015fil yem yedirilmesi:<br \/>\n\u0130neklerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 bu gibi taze kaba yemlerdeki sel\u00fcloz oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131<br \/>\nzamanda da s\u00fct veriminde g\u00f6r\u00fclen art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131nda azalma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle meraya \u00e7\u0131kan ineklere g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 kg kuru ot takviyesi yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nDoymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011flar\u0131n ve by-pass ya\u011flar\u0131n yedirilmesi: \u00d6zellikle doymam\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nya\u011flar, i\u015fkembedeki sindirimde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe neden olarak s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Rasyondaki toplam ya\u011f kapsam\u0131 % 6 \u2018y\u0131 ge\u00e7memelidir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n don ya\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\nby-pass ya\u011flar (rumende sindirilmeden abomasum-\u015firdene ge\u00e7en ya\u011f) ve k\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nb\u00fct\u00fcn pamuk tohumu s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa neden olacakt\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn pamuk tohumu ya da<br \/>\ntam ya\u011fl\u0131 soyan\u0131n s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131na olumsuz etkisini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na 2,5-<br \/>\n3,0 kg\u2019dan fazla verilmemelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Yemdeki protein d\u00fczeyi: Toplam rasyonda kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re ham protein<br \/>\noran\u0131n\u0131n % 15-17 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olmas\u0131, s\u00fct verimi ve s\u00fct ya\u011f oran\u0131 \u00fczerine olumlu etkide<br \/>\nbulundu\u011fu bildirilmektedir. Y\u00fcksek miktarda protein i\u00e7eren rasyonlarla beslenen<br \/>\nineklerde kan \u00fcre nitrojen (BUN) konsantrasyonu artmakta, artan BUN konsantrasyonu<br \/>\nise d\u00f6l verimini (erken embriyonik \u00f6l\u00fcm) olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemektedir. S\u00fct \u00fcre<br \/>\nnitrojen seviyesinin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 proteinle beslemeyi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise rasyonda protein<br \/>\noran\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. S\u00fct \u00fcre konsantrasyonu 8-15 mg\/dl aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct veriminde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya da ani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerin muhtemel nedenleri;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u00fct veriminde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ani ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmelerin en yayg\u0131n sorumlusu mastitisdir,<\/li>\n<li>Konsantre yemin al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma uygulamaks\u0131z\u0131n fazla miktarlarda yedirilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Ya\u011f ve karbonhidratlar\u0131n (ni\u015fasta ve\/veya melas gibi \u015feker) fazla yedirilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Konsantre yemin hayvan\u0131n canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 2\u2019sini ge\u00e7mesi,<\/li>\n<li>Rasyon dengesizli\u011fi ya da eksikli\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li>Enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klar,<\/li>\n<li>Zehirli yabani bitki ve tohumlar\u0131n yenmesi,<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fcfler ya da di\u011fer zehirlenmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 yem t\u00fcketiminin azalmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n verimine g\u00f6re beslenmemesi, ketozis,<\/li>\n<li>Suyun yetersiz veya sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cakl\u0131k Nem \u0130ndeksinin (SN\u0130) y\u00fcksekli\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lkbaharda hayvan meraya ilk \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaba yem olarak kuru otun (kuru<br \/>\nmadde) tamamen kesilmesi,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Laktasyon d\u00f6neminin k\u0131sa s\u00fcrmesinin muhtemel nedenleri;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mastitis,<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011flanmalar\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015fta enerji olmak \u00fczere yetersiz beslenme,<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan sa\u011f\u0131m \u00fcnitesine girdi\u011finde 1-2 dakika i\u00e7inde sa\u011f\u0131ma ba\u015flan\u0131lmamas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k ve s\u0131cak bekleme b\u00f6lmeleri,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m makinelerinin ayars\u0131z olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcdahaleler (enjeksiyon, k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f gibi stres fakt\u00f6rleri),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Kal\u0131t\u0131m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130neklerde Metabolizma Hastal\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda hatal\u0131\/yanl\u0131\u015f beslenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zellikle do\u011fumdan sonraki 10<br \/>\nhaftada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek \u00f6nemli metabolizma hastal\u0131klar\u0131,<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ketozis<\/strong><br \/>\nBu metabolik hastal\u0131k y\u00fcksek s\u00fct verimine sahip ineklerin enerji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan<br \/>\neksik veya protein oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek rasyonla beslenmesi ve bunun sonucu da enerji<br \/>\neksikli\u011fini telafi etmek amac\u0131 ile v\u00fccuttaki ya\u011flar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu meydana<br \/>\ngelir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle ketozis keton cisimciklerinin (aseton, asetoasetik ve<br \/>\nbetahidroksi b\u00fctirik asit (BHBA) ) kanda y\u00fckselmesidir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct inekleri do\u011fum sonras\u0131, ilk iki haftas\u0131 daha riskli (pik) olmak \u00fczere alt\u0131 hafta<br \/>\nboyunca ketozis riski alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sa\u011fmal ineklerin ilk 60 g\u00fcnde bu hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanma<br \/>\noran\u0131n\u0131n %7-14 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kabul edilmekle birlikte, i\u015fletmeler baz\u0131nda (verim<br \/>\ny\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve\/veya bak\u0131m ve besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131) b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fmekte, hatta laktasyon insidans\u0131 % 100 lere ula\u015fabilmektedir. Ketozis riski, v\u00fccut<br \/>\nkondisyon skoru 3.75 ve \u00fczeri olan ineklerde daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir ah\u0131rdaki ineklerin verimine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne ayn\u0131 miktarda yem<br \/>\nverilmesi ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkendir. Bu \u015fekilde besleme ineklerin do\u011fuma yak\u0131n s\u00fct verimlerinin<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde fazla yem almalar\u0131 nedeni ile ya\u011flanmalar\u0131na, do\u011fumdan sonra<br \/>\nise eksik beslenmelerine neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle ah\u0131rdaki ineklerin s\u00fct verimleri<br \/>\nbelirli aral\u0131klarla tespit edilerek, her hayvan verim d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 beslenmelidir.<br \/>\nGebeli\u011fin son \u00fc\u00e7 haftas\u0131nda inekler yem t\u00fcketiminde isteksiz davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde olabildi\u011fince severek t\u00fcketebilece\u011fi kaliteli yemler sunulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ketozisin<br \/>\nortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda negatif enerji dengesinden ba\u015fka hayvan refah\u0131 ve hareket eksikli\u011fi,<br \/>\nnefrit, uzun s\u00fcren a\u00e7l\u0131k, kobalt ve mangan gibi iz elementlerin eksikli\u011fi, flourosis, uzun<br \/>\ns\u00fcre ya\u011f t\u00fcketme, diyabet ve baz\u0131 hormonal bozukluklarda etkili olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00dclkemizde s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc ve kombine verim y\u00f6nl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u0131rk\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 son<br \/>\ny\u0131llarda h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015f, ancak bak\u0131m ve besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki iyile\u015fme ayn\u0131 oranda<br \/>\nartmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zelikle do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerindeki bak\u0131m ve besleme<br \/>\nyetersizli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (k\u00f6y) i\u015fletmelerde ciddi oranda a\u00e7\u0131k ve gizli belirtili<br \/>\nketozise rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun d\u00f6l verimi \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok etki etti\u011fi<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 enerji eksikli\u011fi sebebiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ketozis; \u00f6zellikle s\u00fct\u00fcn ve<br \/>\ns\u00fct proteininin azalmas\u0131, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k, zay\u0131flama, d\u00f6l tutmama gibi ekonomik sorunlar\u0131<br \/>\nberaberinde getirir. S\u00fctteki protein\/ya\u011f oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse ketozisten \u015f\u00fcphelenmelidir.<br \/>\nRumende nefeste, deride ve s\u00fctte aseton kokusu hissedilir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileri derecesinde<br \/>\nhayvan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sinirli, huzursuz oldu\u011fu di\u015flerini g\u0131c\u0131rdatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, anormal yalama ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f<br \/>\nve kalkmak istemedi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenir. Hastal\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar gidebilir. S\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<br \/>\nsa\u011fmal ineklerde subklinik ketozis, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insidans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\n\u00e7ok daha risklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 20 g\u00fcnde ine\u011fin enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirece\u011finden<br \/>\ng\u00fcnde ikiden fazla sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ketozis, do\u011fru beslenme y\u00f6netiminin uygulanmas\u0131yla \u00f6nlenebilecek bir<br \/>\nhastal\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ineklerin fazla ya\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 laktasyonun ileri d\u00f6nemlerinde v\u00fccut<br \/>\nkondisyonuna dikkat edilmelidir. Sindirilebilir liflerden enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak ve ni\u015fasta kaynakl\u0131 enerjiyi azaltmak i\u00e7in laktasyonun ileri<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemlerindeki inek rasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, diyet enerjisinin v\u00fccut<br \/>\nya\u011flanmas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131p s\u00fcte do\u011fru taksim edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Kuru<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde, \u00f6zellikle de ge\u00e7 kuru d\u00f6nemde v\u00fccut kondisyon skorunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek\/azaltmak,<br \/>\ndo\u011fum \u00f6ncesi ya\u011flar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde mobilazasyonunu sa\u011flayarak ters etki bile<br \/>\nyaratabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ketozisin \u00f6nlenmesinde kritik alan yem al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve<br \/>\ndesteklenmesidir. \u0130nekler gebeli\u011fin son 3 haftas\u0131nda yem t\u00fcketimini azaltma<br \/>\ne\u011filimindedirler. Beslenme y\u00f6netimi bu azalmay\u0131 en aza indirmeyi hedeflemelidir. Bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde en uygun rasyon \u00f6zelliklerine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar mevcuttur. Gebeli\u011fin son \u00fc\u00e7<br \/>\nhaftas\u0131nda bulunan ineklerin rasyonlar\u0131ndaki optimum enerji ve lif konsantrasyonlar\u0131<br \/>\n\u00e7iftlikten \u00e7iftli\u011fe farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. Yem al\u0131m\u0131 izlenmeli ve rasyonlar, t\u00fcm kuru<br \/>\nd\u00f6nem boyunca enerji gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yeti\u015fkin\/ergin<br \/>\nHolstein inekleri i\u00e7in kuru d\u00f6nem boyunca g\u00fcnl\u00fck ortalama enerji ihtiyac\u0131 (laktasyon<br \/>\ni\u00e7in net enerji olarak ifade edilen (NEL)) 12 ila 15 Mcal aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131lamadan<br \/>\nsonra, rasyonlar yem ve enerji t\u00fcketiminde h\u0131zl\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli art\u0131\u015f\u0131 te\u015fvik etmelidir.<br \/>\nLaktasyonun ilk d\u00f6nemimdeki rasyonlarda lif i\u00e7ermeyen karbonhidrat konsantrasyonu<br \/>\nnispeten y\u00fcksek olmal\u0131, ancak rumen sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yem al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecek kadar lif<br \/>\nbulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00f6tr-deterjan sel\u00fcloz konsantrasyonlar\u0131 genellikle %28-30 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, lif<br \/>\ni\u00e7ermeyen karbonhidrat konsantrasyonlar\u0131 % 38-41 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyondaki<br \/>\npartik\u00fcl boyutu, en uygun karbonhidrat fraksiyon oranlar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Niasin, kalsiyum<br \/>\npropiyonat, sodyum propiyonat, propilen glikol ve rumen koruyucu kolin dahil baz\u0131 yem<br \/>\nkatk\u0131 maddeleri ketozisin \u00f6nlenmesi ve y\u00f6netimine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. S\u00f6z konusu yem<br \/>\nkatk\u0131lar\u0131n etkili olabilmesi i\u00e7in, ketozise duyarl\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6nemi kadar gebeli\u011fin son 2-3<br \/>\nhaftas\u0131nda da bu takviyeler verilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Karaci\u011fer Ya\u011flanmas\u0131 (Fat Cow)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zellikle do\u011fumu takip eden ilk iki hafta i\u00e7erisinde meydana gelebilen ve ciddi<br \/>\nekonomik kay\u0131plara sebep olan bir metabolizma hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek verimli ineklerin<br \/>\nhemen t\u00fcm\u00fcnde do\u011fumdan sonra karaci\u011ferde ya\u011f birikimi, meydana gelmektedir.<br \/>\nV\u00fccut kondisyon skoru y\u00fcksek hayvanlar, karaci\u011fer ya\u011flanmas\u0131na adayd\u0131r.<br \/>\nHastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tipik belirtileri yoktur. Hastalar \u00e7o\u011funlukla uzun s\u00fcre yatmay\u0131 tercih<br \/>\nederler ve uyar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda zor aya\u011fa kalkarlar. Tedavi s\u00fcresince kal\u0131n bir altl\u0131k<br \/>\nserilerek, uzun s\u00fcreli yat\u0131\u015flarda olu\u015fabilecek kas harabiyetleri ve yatak yaralar\u0131 olu\u015fumu<br \/>\nen aza indirgenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zellikle kuru d\u00f6nemin ba\u015f\u0131nda ineklerin enerji miktarlar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlanarak,<br \/>\nya\u011flanmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. VKS y\u00fcksek ineklerin kuru d\u00f6nemde hareket etmesi<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131, rasyonda konsantre yem oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, kaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131r otu oran\u0131 ise<br \/>\nolabildi\u011fince y\u00fcksek tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yem de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri usul\u00fcne uygun yap\u0131lmal\u0131,<br \/>\nkoruyucu ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak propilen glikol, kolin ve methionin kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mide D\u00f6nmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Daha \u00e7ok yetersiz ya da fiziksel formu zay\u0131f kaba yem yedirilmesi, k\u00fcfl\u00fc yemler,<br \/>\ndo\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 24 saatte olu\u015fan i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 rumenin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi sonucu<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n son k\u0131s\u0131mdaki midelerinin (abomasum) d\u00f6nmesi ya da yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi ile<br \/>\nkarakterize bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130\u015ftah kayb\u0131, s\u00fct veriminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck, sindirim sisteminin<br \/>\nhareketlerinin durmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen ba\u015fl\u0131ca belirtileridir. Otlar\u0131n taze oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde<br \/>\nmeraya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan hayvanlara ek kuru kaba yem verilmemesi de sebep olabilir. Kuru<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemden, s\u00fct \u00fcretimi d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7i\u015flerde yeterince uzun lifli (sel\u00fcloz) kaliteli kuru ot<br \/>\nverilmelidir. Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 konsantre yem kademeli olarak art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, k\u00fcfl\u00fc<br \/>\nyemlerden her zaman uzak durulmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fct hummas\u0131 ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar \u00f6nlenmeli ve<br \/>\nvarsa en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tedaviye al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda hatal\u0131\/yanl\u0131\u015f beslenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zellikle do\u011fumdan sonraki 10<br \/>\nhaftada olu\u015fabilecek beslenme (metebolizma) hastal\u0131klar\u0131 di\u011fer t\u00fcm hastal\u0131klarda<br \/>\noldu\u011fu gibi tedavi edilebilir hastal\u0131klar olarak de\u011fil, mutlak korunulmas\u0131 gereken<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Her zaman en ucuz ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 tedavi y\u00f6ntemi,<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klardan korunmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rumen Asidozu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolayca fermente olabilen karbonhidratlar\u0131n fazla t\u00fcketilmesi ve\/veya<br \/>\ni\u015fkembe ortam\u0131ndaki asitli\u011fi giderecek tamponlama (t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131s\u0131 gibi) kapasitesinin<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015fkembede asitli\u011fin artmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan metabolik bir<br \/>\nhastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Rumen s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pH\u2019s\u0131, rumen i\u00e7eri\u011finin asitli\u011fi veya bazikli\u011finin<br \/>\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pH y\u00fcksek asitlik anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde ineklerin artan s\u00fct verimini<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yemlerde enerji yo\u011funlu\u011funun art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Oysa<br \/>\ninekler gevi\u015f getiren hayvanlard\u0131r ve nispeten sindirilmeyen kaba yemlerin yava\u015f<br \/>\nbakteriyel ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n kendileri taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmesine do\u011fru evrimle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<br \/>\nBir ba\u015fka ifadeyle; s\u0131\u011f\u0131ra yem verdi\u011fimizde asl\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00f6n midede (i\u015fkembede)<br \/>\nbulunan mikroorganizmalar\u0131 beslemekteyiz, mikroorganizmalar da s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131m\u0131z\u0131<br \/>\nbeslemektedir. Lezzetli, h\u0131zl\u0131 fermente olabilir yemin, haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z rumen ortam\u0131na<br \/>\ngeldi\u011finde rumendeki hassas dengenin kolayl\u0131kla bozulmas\u0131 asla s\u00fcrpriz de\u011fildir.<br \/>\nYemleme \u00f6ncesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 6,6 olan rumen pH\u2019s\u0131 rumendeki fermentasyonun<br \/>\nilerlemesiyle birlikte 5,0-5,3\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015febilmektedir. 24 saatlik bir zaman periyodunda<br \/>\nortalama 6,0-6,4 aras\u0131nda bir de\u011fer g\u00f6steren rumen pH\u2019s\u0131nda, yem t\u00fcketimi ile g\u00f6zlenen<br \/>\n0,5-1,0 birimlik de\u011fi\u015fimler normal kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>AB \u00fclkelerinde 20-25 kg s\u00fct verimi olan ineklerin rasyonunda ortalama 5-6 kg<br \/>\nkesif yem kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda dam\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 ithal eden i\u015fletmelerde Genel<br \/>\nM\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczce yap\u0131lan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re \u00fclkemizde bu miktar\u0131n 8-12<br \/>\nkg\/sa\u011fmalba\u015f oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu da \u00fclkemizde sa\u011fmal ineklere yeterince<br \/>\nkaliteli kaba yem \u00f6zellikle de \u00e7ay\u0131rotunun verilmedi\u011fini, dolays\u0131yla da asidozun<br \/>\nyayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eiddetine ve s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re, subakut (s\u00fcre\u011fen, hafif \u015fiddette) ve akut (ani,<br \/>\n\u015fiddetli) olmak \u00fczere iki tip asidozdan bahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Subakut (s\u00fcre\u011fen, hafif \u015fiddette) Rumen Asidozu (SARA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Subakut rumen asidozu (SARA), rumen pH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n 5,5 \u2013 5,6&#8217;n\u0131n alt\u0131na uzun s\u00fcreli<br \/>\ndepresse d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle (\u00e7o\u011funlukla 5,5-5,2 seviyesine) karakterize, rumen<br \/>\nfermantasyonundaki bir bozukluk \u015feklinde daha \u00e7ok tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Subakut rumen<br \/>\nasidozu, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bir m\u00fcdahale olmaks\u0131z\u0131n normal olarak iyile\u015febilmesi ve \u015fiddetli<br \/>\nishal, solunum g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara sebep olmamas\u0131yla akut asidozdan ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\nAncak, bu durum SARA\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri olmayan bir hastal\u0131k oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na<br \/>\ngelmemelidir. SARA\u2019n\u0131n bir s\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerindeki etkisi genellikle gizlidir ve mali kay\u0131plar<br \/>\ns\u0131kl\u0131kla fark edilmemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Tamamen kaba yeme dayal\u0131 beslemede 6-7, tah\u0131la dayal\u0131 yo\u011fun yemlemede ise<br \/>\n5,6-6,0 seviyesinde olan rumen pH s\u0131, optimum rumen fermantasyonu ve lif sindirimi<br \/>\ni\u00e7in 6,0-6,4 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ineklerde bile rumen pH\u2019s\u0131, g\u00fcn boyunca<br \/>\nk\u0131sa s\u00fcrelerle bu seviyenin alt\u0131nda dalgalanmaktad\u0131r. Rumen pH\u2019s\u0131ndaki bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<br \/>\n\u00f6zellikle m\u0131s\u0131r ve arpa gibi hububat tanelerindeki besinsel karbonhidratlar\u0131n (ni\u015fasta<br \/>\ngibi) par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur. Hububatlarda bulunan \u00e7abuk fermente edilebilir<br \/>\nkarbonhidratlar, rumen bakterileri taraf\u0131ndan h\u0131zla par\u00e7alanarak u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f asitleri<br \/>\n(UYA) ve laktik asit \u00fcretilir. Normal besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131nda u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f asitleri rumen<br \/>\nduvar\u0131ndaki papillalar (parmak benzeri \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar) taraf\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131kla absorbe edilir<br \/>\n(emilir). Absorbe edildikten sonra u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f asitleri s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na girer ve<br \/>\ns\u00fct \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Rumen pH\u2019s\u0131 fermente olabilen karbonhidratlar\u0131n t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131na, rumende<br \/>\nfermentasyon sonucu olu\u015fan asitlerin mikroorganizmalar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131m oran\u0131na,<br \/>\nrumende \u00fcretilen fermentasyon \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin rumen duvar\u0131ndan emilim d\u00fczeyine ve<br \/>\nt\u00fckr\u00fck ile gelen tampon etkili maddelerin salg\u0131lanma miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmekte<br \/>\nve g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde dalgalanmalar g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Ruminal papillalar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu ve emme kapasitesi, ni\u015fasta\/konsantre<br \/>\nrasyonlara maruziyetle artar, ancak uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131 4-6 hafta s\u00fcrer. Bu durum,<br \/>\nrasyonda yer alacak konsantre yem miktar\u0131n\u0131n neden daima yava\u015f\u00e7a art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\ngerekti\u011finin ve SARA&#8217;n\u0131n neden s\u0131kl\u0131kla buza\u011f\u0131lama sonras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde bulunan<br \/>\nineklerde tespit edildi\u011finin cevab\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Rumen epitel h\u00fccreleri asitlere kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. Maruziyetin \u015fiddetine<br \/>\nve s\u00fcresine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rumen pH\u2019s\u0131, rumenitise, epitel h\u00fccrelerin erozyonuna,<br \/>\n\u00fclserle\u015fmesine ve sonu\u00e7ta parakeratozise (rumen papillalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve sertle\u015fmesi<br \/>\nile karakterize bir hastal\u0131k) neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kolayca fermente olabilen karbonhidratlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin bir rasyon<br \/>\nve\/veya rasyonda lifli (sel\u00fclozlu) besin maddesi eksikli\u011fi durumunda, gevi\u015f getirme<br \/>\ns\u00fcresi k\u0131sal\u0131r ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hayvan\u0131n t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131lamas\u0131 ve i\u015fkembedeki pH<br \/>\nseviyesini d\u00fczenleyen koruyucu maddelerin \u00fcretimi azal\u0131r. Rumende u\u00e7ucu ya\u011f<br \/>\nasitlerinin birikmesi sonucu d\u00fc\u015fen pH, fibrolitik aktiviteyi ve fibr\u00f6z(lifli) yemlerin<br \/>\ny\u0131k\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da hayvanda yem se\u00e7imi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nartmakta, yem t\u00fcketimi ise d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda bireysel bazda tah\u0131llar\u0131 sindirme<br \/>\nkabiliyeti ve asidoza yakalanmada farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>En etkili rumen tamponu, bikarbonat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck \u00fcretimini<br \/>\nstimule eden \u00e7i\u011fneme eylemidir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn miktar\u0131 al\u0131nan besinin \u00f6zelli\u011fine<br \/>\nve par\u00e7alanma b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Ye\u015fil yemlerle beslenmede<br \/>\nal\u0131nan yemin yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar; arpa yulaf gibi tane yemlerde yemin miktar\u0131ndan biraz fazla;<br \/>\nkuru ot yedirmede ise yemin 4 kat\u0131 kadar t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck olu\u015fur. En \u00e7ok salg\u0131, besin alma ve<br \/>\ngevi\u015f getirme d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda g\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck miktar\u0131 100\u2013200 litreyi<br \/>\nbulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Fiziksel etkili lif; 1.18 mm\u2019lik elek deliklerinden ge\u00e7emeyen, \u00e7i\u011fnemeyi te\u015fvik<br \/>\neden, lif uzunlu\u011fu 1,5 cm\u2019nin \u00fczerinde ancak rasyonun ay\u0131klanarak se\u00e7ilmesini \u00f6nlemek<br \/>\ni\u00e7in 7 cm den k\u0131sa olan (ine\u011fin a\u011f\u0131z geni\u015fli\u011finde) besinsel kaba yem lifi olarak<br \/>\ntan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\/do\u011franm\u0131\u015f\/par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f rasyonlarda fiziksel etkili<br \/>\nlifler etkinli\u011fini kaybederek SARA\u2019n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesine zemin olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\ndurum, Toplam Miks Rasyon (TMR) \u00fcretiminde deneyimsiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu veya<br \/>\npersonelin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yan\u0131na di\u011fer i\u015fleri de birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerde genel<br \/>\nbir sorundur.<\/p>\n<p>Fiziksel etkili lifte en kritik nokta hasat zaman\u0131d\u0131r. Bi\u00e7im s\u0131ras\u0131nda yemlerin<br \/>\nkuru madde oran\u0131 ve lif uzunlu\u011funun de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nmas\u0131 daha kolay ve daha<br \/>\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 netice vermektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Klinik Bulgular ve Tan\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Subakut Rumen Asidozunda (SARA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Kuru Madde Al\u0131m\u0131 (DMI); Ger\u00e7ek mekanizmas\u0131 hala bilinmese de<br \/>\nSARA\u2019l\u0131 ineklerin yem t\u00fcketmekte son derece isteksiz ve se\u00e7ici davrand\u0131klar\u0131 iyi<br \/>\nbilinmektedir. Kuru madde t\u00fcketimindeki bu isteksizlik, ine\u011fin \u00fcretim ve enerji<br \/>\ndengesini, sonras\u0131nda da fertiliteyi ciddi oranda olumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Lif sindiriminde azalma; Liflerin bozulmas\u0131ndan sorumlu bakteriler rumen<br \/>\npH\u2019s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u00e7ok az tolare edebilirler. Lifin sindirilebilirli\u011fi SARA\u2019l\u0131<br \/>\nhayvanlarda %20-25 civar\u0131nda azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct bile\u015fiminde ve miktar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim; SARA\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla ancak s\u00fcreklilik<br \/>\ng\u00f6stermeyecek \u015fekilde s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131nda azalmas\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tipik olarak<br \/>\nbu azalma % 0,3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ancak baz\u0131 durumlarda % 1\u2019e kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nbilinmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada s\u00fct veriminde de inek ba\u015f\u0131na 2,7 kg l\u0131k<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130shal ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fimler; SARA\u2019l\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fclerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla ishali olan<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. D\u0131\u015fk\u0131; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabarc\u0131klarla sulu olma e\u011filimi<br \/>\ng\u00f6sterir ve ek\u015fi, asitli bir kokuya sahiptir. Etkilenen hayvanlar irritasyon nedeniyle<br \/>\nkuyruk sallama e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterirler. Sindirilemeyen tah\u0131llar dahil olmak \u00fczere d\u0131\u015fk\u0131da<br \/>\npartik\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenebilir (normali 0,5 cm den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckken, partik\u00fcl<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1-2 cm ye kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir). Lif kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 &#8211; ipliksi mukus par\u00e7alar\u0131 &#8211; da<br \/>\ns\u0131kl\u0131kla bulunur.<\/li>\n<li>Artan laminitis; SARA\u2019n\u0131n laminitis ile ili\u015fkisinin ger\u00e7ek mekanizmas\u0131 tam<br \/>\nolarak anla\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak ciddi SARA vakalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fclerde ayakta \u00fclser,<br \/>\n\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme ve anormal t\u0131rnak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi oranlar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fme; S\u00fcbjektif olarak, SARA&#8217;l\u0131 hayvanlar zay\u0131f<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte olma e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermektedir. Yakalanan hayvanlar k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine gevi\u015f<br \/>\ngetirmeyi azaltabilir ve \u00e7o\u011fu kez \u201ckeyifsiz-durgun\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Somatik h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131 ve<br \/>\nklinik mastitis olu\u015fma s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ciddi etkilere sahip olan kirlilik skorlar\u0131n\u0131n,<br \/>\nSARA s\u00fcr\u00fclerindeki y\u00fcksekli\u011fi karakteristiktir. \u0130nekler, dinlenme halindeyken<br \/>\ng\u00f6zlemlenmelidir. Herhangi bir anda bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olup dinlenen ineklerin<br \/>\n%50\u2019si gevi\u015f getirmelidirler. %30\u2019un alt\u0131nda gevi\u015f getirme oran\u0131 tespit edilir ise s\u00fcr\u00fcde<br \/>\nciddi bir asidoz sorunu var demektir.<\/li>\n<li>Subakut asidoz; her zaman s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grubunu etkiler.<br \/>\nHastal\u0131k bazen hi\u00e7 belirti vermeyebilir. Yo\u011fun besleme yap\u0131lan y\u00fcksek verimli s\u00fct ine\u011fi<br \/>\nve besicilik i\u015fletmeleri yem tipi ve yemlemeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bu hastal\u0131\u011fa daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mide d\u00f6nmesi, karaci\u011fer ya\u011flanmas\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131nda subakut<br \/>\nasidoz aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>SARA y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00fcr\u00fc performans\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde, eri\u015fkin s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n<br \/>\nfizyolojik d\u00f6nemlerine g\u00f6re rumen doluluk ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 k\u0131vam\u0131 skoru ile d\u0131\u015fk\u0131da<br \/>\nsindirilmeyen lif oran\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Akut (ani ve \u015fiddetli) Asidozda; \u0130\u015fkembe i\u00e7eri\u011finin pH\u2019s\u0131, hayvan\u0131n birdenbire<br \/>\n\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda ni\u015fasta (tah\u0131llar, yumrular) veya \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir karbonhidrat (\u015feker<br \/>\noran\u0131 y\u00fcksek meyveler-pekmez-melas) t\u00fcketmesi sonucu h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fer. Hayvan<br \/>\nbir tah\u0131l\/yem ambar\u0131na dalm\u0131\u015f veya hasat sonras\u0131 zeminde kalan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda tah\u0131l,<br \/>\nincir, patates, kabak veya r\u00fczgar\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ok say\u0131da meyveyi yemi\u015f olabilir.<\/li>\n<li>Kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilir karbonhidratlar\u0131n aniden, y\u00fcksek veya al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nmiktarda yenilmesi i\u015fkembe i\u00e7erisindeki mikroorganizma d\u00fczenini bozarak, ortam\u0131n<br \/>\nfiziksel ve kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Tamponlama<br \/>\nmekanizmalar\u0131 (t\u00fckr\u00fck salg\u0131s\u0131\/salya, laktat yiyen bakteriler, protozoalar) s\u00fcreci<br \/>\ndengeleyemeden, asidojen mekanizmalar i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Ba\u015fta laktobasiller olmak<br \/>\n\u00fczere, laktat \u00fcreten bakteriler ortamda \u00e7o\u011falarak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irir. Bu<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte endotoksinler, aminler, etanol ve laktik asit birikimi olur. Laktik<br \/>\nasit, i\u015fkembe duvar\u0131n\u0131 ard\u0131nda da ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131 tahri\u015f eder. Sindirim kanallar\u0131nda olu\u015fan<br \/>\nbu bozulmay\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek \u00fczere kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan sindirim sistemi bo\u015fluklar\u0131na s\u0131v\u0131<br \/>\nak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015fkembede ve ard\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131rsaklarda biriken su ve asidite ishale<br \/>\nneden olur. Bu da hayvanda s\u0131v\u0131 eksikli\u011fine ve ayn\u0131 zamanda kandaki asit-baz<br \/>\ndengesinin bozulmas\u0131yla da metabolik asidoza yol a\u00e7ar.<\/li>\n<li>Asidozda i\u015fkembe duvar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortamdaki bakteriler kan<br \/>\ndola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kar\u0131\u015farak, karaci\u011ferde apselerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6zellikle besiye<br \/>\n\u00e7ekilmi\u015f gen\u00e7 bo\u011falarda belirlenen bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da apse bu hayvanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Hatta patojen bakteriler zamanla akci\u011ferlere ula\u015farak<br \/>\ntrombo embolik zat\u00fcrreye sebep olabilirler.<\/li>\n<li>Akut (ani ve \u015fiddetli) rumen asidozu; \u0130lk belirtiler, \u015f\u00fcpheli besinin yenilme<br \/>\nmiktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak izleyen 12-48 saat i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Belirtiler genel<br \/>\nve sindirime \u00f6zg\u00fc rahats\u0131zl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fkembede hafif bir gaz birikmesi olabilir.<br \/>\n\u0130\u015fkembenin kas\u0131lmalar\u0131 yava\u015flar veya durur. Elle muayenede (derin bask\u0131) i\u015fkembe<br \/>\ni\u00e7eri\u011fi normalden daha yumu\u015fak veya s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f hissedilir. Asidozun \u015fiddetine ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nolarak 24-72 saat sonra \u00f6l\u00fcm \u015fekillenebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Rumen asidozunun kesin tan\u0131s\u0131, rumen s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndan veteriner numunesinin<br \/>\nal\u0131nmas\u0131yla konulabilmektedir. Ruminal pH \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinde rumen s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcnde bir kez;<br \/>\nTMR beslemede yemlemeden 5-8 saat sonra, kaba ve konsantre yem ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131<br \/>\nverildi\u011finde ise konsantre yemden 2-5 saat sonra al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcr\u00fcde test edilenlerin<br \/>\n%25\u2019inden fazlas\u0131nda pH de\u011ferleri 5,6\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ise asidoz \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nAsidozdan korunma; Zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a konsantre yem art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00fcnde 0,5 kg\u2019\u0131<br \/>\nve toplam rasyondaki kesif yem oran\u0131 % 40\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kaba yemden \u00f6nce kesif yem verilmemelidir. Kesif yem ile kaba yemin<br \/>\nkar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tercih edilmeli veya kesif yem kaba yemden sonra verilmelidir. T\u00fckr\u00fck<br \/>\nsalg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inhibe etmemesi i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse yemler \u0131slat\u0131lmadan verilmelidir. Kaba yemin<br \/>\nyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 5 cm\u2019den uzun k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Patoz saman\u0131, ince k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kuru<br \/>\notlar, ince k\u0131y\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u0131s\u0131r silaj\u0131, pancar ve domates posas\u0131 gibi yap\u0131sal bak\u0131mdan zay\u0131f<br \/>\nolan kaba yemler gevi\u015f getirme ve t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck salg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 yeteri derecede uyarmad\u0131klar\u0131<br \/>\ni\u00e7in, yine s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresine ba\u011fl\u0131 yem se\u00e7imi ve dinlenememe, hareketsiz ortam ve \u00e7e\u015fitli<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131n asidoza sebebiyet verebilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak tedbir<br \/>\nal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rumen asidozunun; genellikle hayvan\u0131 verime zorlama ve kaliteli kaba yem<br \/>\nsunumundaki sorunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Rasyon Form\u00fclasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f rasyon SARA ile alakal\u0131 riskler konusunda i\u015faret<br \/>\nverebilir. \u00d6zetle, rasyonda yemden gelen fiziksel etkili sel\u00fcloz\/lif miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e risk<br \/>\nartmaktad\u0131r. Zengin \u00e7ay\u0131r-meralar\u0131n yetersiz liften yoksun oldu\u011fu \u00f6zellikle bahar<br \/>\naylar\u0131nda olu\u015fabilir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zelliklerin herhangi birine sahip form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f<br \/>\nrasyonlar SARA konusunda potansiyel riskler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<br \/>\n&#8211; %35 den daha az N\u00f6tral Deterjan Sel\u00fclozu\/fiber (NDF)<br \/>\n&#8211; Kaba yemde % 23 den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck NDF<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaba yem konsantrasyon oran\u0131 (&lt;40:60)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rasyonun Sunumu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yemlerin yap\u0131s\u0131, sunulma \u015fekli ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m oran\u0131 asidozda \u00f6nemli rol oynar.<br \/>\n\u00d6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tah\u0131l, ezilmi\u015f veya k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fa; pi\u015fmi\u015f ni\u015fasta, \u00e7i\u011fe; bu\u011fday ni\u015fastas\u0131 da m\u0131s\u0131r<br \/>\nni\u015fastas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 fermantasyona u\u011frar.<\/p>\n<p>Konsantre\/kesif yemlerin g\u00fcn boyunca hayvana sunulmas\u0131, az say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck<br \/>\nporsiyon halinde sunulmas\u0131na g\u00f6re daha az risk yarat\u0131r. Bu risk konsantre yemlerin<br \/>\nda\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve i\u015fkembedeki mikroorganizmalar\u0131n uyum sa\u011flama seviyesine g\u00f6re<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir. Hayvan\u0131n yeni yeme veya yemlemeye uyum sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 veya<br \/>\nyeterli al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcresinin g\u00f6zetilmemesi, rumen hareketlerine etkili kaba yem oran\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 veya yem bitkilerinin fazlaca \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na (kaba yemlerin \u00e7ok ince<br \/>\nk\u0131y\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131\/da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, patoz saman\u0131 ) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<br \/>\nrasyondaki fiziksel etkili lif miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, asidoz riskini y\u00fckseltir.<br \/>\nRumene ge\u00e7en konsantre yem art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nispetinde, fermentasyon h\u0131z\u0131 ve miktar\u0131 artar<br \/>\nbuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da i\u015fkembede asidite artar. Bu nedenle;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kaba ve kesif yem homojen bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, rasyonun bile\u015fiminde ve<br \/>\nkar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda tutarl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunmal\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Yem karma makinalar\u0131\/kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma vagonlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli kalibrasyonu yap\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Bask\u0131n ve uysal hayvanlar\u0131n rasyonda e\u015fit f\u0131rsata sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in geni\u015f yemleme<br \/>\nbo\u015flu\u011fu (&gt; 80cm) sa\u011flanmal\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Kesif yemi &lt;3kg\/ba\u015f\/yem olacak \u015fekilde g\u00fcnde birka\u00e7 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcne b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeli,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Rasyondaki asidoz i\u00e7in riskli yem maddeleri ve form\u00fclasyonlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fkembe asitli\u011fini art\u0131ran (kesif yem) \u0130\u015fkembe asitli\u011fini dengeleyen (kaba yem)<\/p>\n<p>Katk\u0131 maddeleri; Kaba yem veya yemlemenin gerektirdi\u011fi yerlerde katk\u0131 maddeleri<br \/>\nSARA riskinin ve olu\u015fumunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir ara\u00e7 olarak faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nEtkileri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ve giderleri yem maliyetlerini olduk\u00e7a artt\u0131rabilece\u011finden,<br \/>\nyetersiz yemleme y\u00f6netimini telafi etmek i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcreli kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rumen asidozu y\u00fcksek s\u00fct verimine sahip ineklerde yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen masrafl\u0131 bir<br \/>\nhastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Korunma; \u00f6ncelikle rumende yeterli ve kaliteli fiziksel etkili lifin<br \/>\nbulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak, h\u0131zl\u0131 fermente edilebilir yemlere olan ihtiyac\u0131 azaltarak,<br \/>\nkonsantre rasyonlara adaptasyonu sa\u011flayarak ruminal floran\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla<br \/>\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bununda yolu i\u015fletme b\u00fcnyesinde kaliteli kaba yem \u00fcretilmesinden<br \/>\nge\u00e7mektedir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda y\u00fcksek kaliteli kaba yemin \u00f6zellikle de \u00e7ay\u0131r otunu yerini<br \/>\ntutacak ba\u015fka bir yem maddesinin mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fct Hummas\u0131 (Hipokalsemi-Do\u011fum Felci)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0131rklarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle beraber, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sa\u011f\u0131m d\u00f6nemini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f ya\u015fl\u0131, y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nverimli ve holstein x limousin melezi do\u011fum yapan inekleri daha \u00e7ok etkilemektedir.<br \/>\nGenellikle do\u011fumu izleyen 6-48 saat i\u00e7erisinde ineklerin yat\u0131p, kalkamamas\u0131yla (do\u011fum<br \/>\nfelci) karakterize bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak bir\u00e7ok durumda klinik belirtiler ortaya<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kmamaktad\u0131r. Nedeni, kolostrum ve s\u00fct salg\u0131s\u0131yla aniden ve y\u00fcksek miktarda<br \/>\nkalsiyum harcanmas\u0131yla, kandaki kalsiyum d\u00fczeyinin d\u00fc\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n<p>Kandaki kalsiyum seviyesi, paratiroid hormonu (PTH) kontroll\u00fc alt\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli<br \/>\nhormonal yollardan hassas bir \u00e7izgide korunur. G\u00fcnl\u00fck 40 litre s\u00fct veren bir inek normal<br \/>\nrasyona ilave olarak do\u011fumla birlikte acilen ekstra 80g\/g\u00fcn kalsiyuma ihtiya\u00e7<br \/>\nduymaktad\u0131r. Ancak v\u00fccut depolar\u0131ndaki kalsiyumun tamamen aktif hale gelmesi 2-3<br \/>\ng\u00fcn s\u00fcrmekte, bu d\u00f6nemdeki yetmezlikde de hipokalsemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015f\u00e7a<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fck inekler daha yava\u015f tepki verdiklerinden s\u00fct hummas\u0131na daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131rlar. Kan<br \/>\nmagnezyum seviyesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 da kalsiyum kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyebilmektedir.<br \/>\nRasyondaki magnezyum seviyeleri g\u00fcnde 40 g\u2019\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kuru d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru hayvanlara y\u00fcksek miktarda kalsiyum verilmesi<br \/>\nve do\u011fumdan sonra da kalsiyum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan eksik besleme hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\nsebeplerindendir. Rasyonda mineral madde miktar\u0131 ve Ca\/P oranlar\u0131 dikkatlice takip<br \/>\nedilmelidir. Kuru d\u00f6nem diyetindeki kalsiyum miktar\u0131n\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131lamadan 3-4 hafta \u00f6nce<br \/>\ng\u00fcnde 20 g\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131na (ideal olan) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Geleneksel olarak hipokalseminin \u00f6nlenmesinde, kuru d\u00f6nem boyunca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<br \/>\nkalsiyumlu diyetlerle besleme ile yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Negatif kalsiyum dengesi, kan<br \/>\nkalsiyum konsantrasyonlar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ile sonu\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum<br \/>\nParatiroid Hormon (PTH) sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 uyar\u0131r ki bu da s\u0131ras\u0131yla 1,25 dihidroksivitamin<br \/>\nD&#8217;nin kemik rezorpsiyonunu ve renal \u00fcretimini uyar\u0131r. 1,25 dihidroksivitamin D art\u0131\u015f\u0131,<br \/>\nkemik kalsiyum sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131rsak kalsiyum emiliminin etkinli\u011fini artt\u0131r\u0131r.<br \/>\nKalsiyum hareketi artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalsiyumlu rasyonlarla<br \/>\nbeslemenin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak, pek \u00e7ok<br \/>\ns\u00fct \u00e7iftli\u011finde kalsiyum ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 zeolit veya bitkisel ya\u011f gibi ajanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla<br \/>\ndaha etkili hale getirse de kalsiyumun yeterince d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu (&lt;20 gr absorbe<br \/>\nkalsiyum\/inek\/g\u00fcn) rasyonlar\u0131n form\u00fcle edilmesi zordur.<\/p>\n<p>Hipokalseminin \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6nelik bir ba\u015fka alternatif y\u00f6ntemde, buza\u011f\u0131lama<br \/>\nsonras\u0131 memedeki bas\u0131nc\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve s\u00fct \u00fcretiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n yar\u0131m<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya geciktirilmesidir\/\u00f6telenmesidir. Ancak bu uygulama gizli (latent) meme<br \/>\nenfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirebilir ve mastit insidans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<br \/>\nGe\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemindeki s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda kan pH&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir strateji,<br \/>\nrasyon potasyum i\u00e7eri\u011fini azaltmakt\u0131r. Kuru d\u00f6nemde ineklere verilecek kaba yemlerin<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan tarlalarda potasyum g\u00fcbrelerinin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131, kaba<br \/>\nyemlerde potasyum d\u00fczeylerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmenin di\u011fer bir yoludur (i\u015fletmenin arazi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nve \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin \u00f6nemi).<\/p>\n<p>Laktasyondaki ineklerin rasyon kuru maddesi i\u00e7eri\u011finde % 0,1 sodyum (Na) ve<br \/>\n%1 potasyum (K) de\u011ferleri ideal olup, bu de\u011ferlere olabildi\u011fince yak\u0131n olmaya<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, kurudaki ineklerin rasyonlar\u0131nda temel olarak sodyum (Na) ve<br \/>\npotasyum (K) fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak gerekir. Rasyona, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck potasyum seviyelerinin<br \/>\nkan\u0131n alkalili\u011fi \u00fczerine etkileri dengelemek i\u00e7in klor\u00fcr kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyondaki klor\u00fcr<br \/>\n(CI) miktar\u0131, K miktar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman 5g\/kg alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Son zamanlarda do\u011fum sonras\u0131 hipokalseminin \u00f6nlenmesi, illeri kuru d\u00f6nemde<br \/>\n(do\u011fuma 20 g\u00fcn kala) ineklerin kan pH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren y\u00f6ntem olan Diyet Catyon-Anyon<br \/>\nFark\u0131n\u0131n (DCAD) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla devrim yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi<br \/>\ndiyette kalsiyumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekten \u00e7ok daha etkili ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. DCAD yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131,<br \/>\ndiyetlerindeki y\u00fcksek potasyum i\u00e7eri\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00fct ineklerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funda<br \/>\nmetabolik alkalozis \u015fekillendi\u011fi olgusuna dayanmaktad\u0131r. DCAD y\u00f6ntemiyle kurudaki<br \/>\nine\u011fin hafif bir metabolik asidoza girmesi sa\u011flanarak, PTH sal\u0131m\u0131 aktive edilmektedir.<br \/>\nGerekirse gebeli\u011fin son 20 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yemlere 150 gr kadar anyonik tuzlardan<br \/>\n(amonyum ve magnezyum minerallerinin klor\u00fcr veya s\u00fclfat tuzlar\u0131) kat\u0131larak rasyonlara<br \/>\nasidik karakter kazand\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 bu sayede iskeletten kalsiyum mobilizasyonu<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Diyet Catyon-Anyon Fark\u0131 (DCAD) = (Na++ K+) \u2013 (Cl-+ S-2). Bu y\u00f6ntem<br \/>\ndiyette do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi kalsiyumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden daha etkili ve pratiktir.<br \/>\nAnyonik tuzlarla beslemenin \u00f6nemli bir dezavantaj\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc lezzettir, bununla m\u0131s\u0131r<br \/>\nsilaj\u0131, malt posas\u0131, melas gibi nemli, lezzetli bir rasyonda anyonik tuzlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131<br \/>\nkullan\u0131larak ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilir. S\u00fclfat tuzlar\u0131, klor\u00fcr tuzlar\u0131ndan daha lezzetli olsa da, kan\u0131<br \/>\nasitlendirmede daha az etkilidirler. Diyetteki k\u00fck\u00fcrt, rumen mikrobiyal aminoasit<br \/>\nsentezini desteklemek i\u00e7in kuru maddede % 0,22-0,4 oran\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130drar pH\u2019s\u0131 s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda kan pH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n masrafs\u0131z ve nispeten do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\ntahmin edilmesini sa\u011flar. 6 ila 6,5 aras\u0131ndaki ortalama idrar pH\u2019s\u0131 DCAD\u2019n\u0131n<br \/>\ny\u00f6netilmesi ve s\u00fct hummas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in idealdir. \u0130drar, do\u011fumun \u00e7ok yak\u0131n<br \/>\noldu\u011fu ineklerde anyonik bir diyet eklendikten en az 24 saat sonra \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmelidir.<br \/>\nVitamin D3 ve metabolitlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki hipokalsemiyi<br \/>\netkili bir \u015fekilde \u00f6nlemektedir. Do\u011fumdan 5-7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce yemle verilen y\u00fcksek vitamin<br \/>\nD dozlar\u0131 (20-30 milyon \u00fcnite\/g\u00fcn) insidans\u0131 (olu\u015fma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ancak,<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lamadan 4 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce uygulama durdurulursa, inek daha duyarl\u0131 olur. Toksititeden<br \/>\ndolay\u0131 tavsiye edilen s\u00fcrelerden daha uzun s\u00fcre kullanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nBuza\u011f\u0131lamadan 8 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce uygulanan tek bir 10 milyon IU kristalin vitamin D<br \/>\nenjeksiyonu (damar i\u00e7i veya deri alt\u0131) etkili bir \u00f6nleyici tedbirdir. Beklenen tarihte inek<br \/>\nhen\u00fcz do\u011fum yapmam\u0131\u015fsa doz tekrarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda vitamin D yerine<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lan ve hipervitaminozise neden olma ihtimali daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan, yeni bile\u015fikler<br \/>\n(25-hidroksikolekalsiferol, 1,25-dihidroksikolekalsiferol) kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Vitamin D metabolitleri gastrointestinal kalsiyum emilimini artt\u0131r\u0131rken, Sentetik<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131r paratiroid hormon (PTH), gastrointestinal kalsiyum emilimini artt\u0131r\u0131r ve kemik<br \/>\nrezorpsiyonunu uyar\u0131r. PTH, do\u011fumdan 60 saat \u00f6nce damar i\u00e7i veya do\u011fumdan 6 g\u00fcn<br \/>\n\u00f6nce kas i\u00e7i uygulanabilir. PTH kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n dezavantajlar\u0131, bu bile\u015fiklerin<br \/>\nmevcudiyetinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, uygulama i\u00e7in i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc ve enjeksiyona ba\u011fl\u0131 stres say\u0131labilir.<br \/>\nBuza\u011f\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda duyarl\u0131 ineklerin koruyucu (profilaktik) tedavisi do\u011fum<br \/>\ns\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fct hummas\u0131 insidans\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Bu ama\u00e7la do\u011fumu<br \/>\ntakip eden saatlerde, ineklere gerekirse a\u011f\u0131zdan kalsiyum propiyonat (50-125 g)<br \/>\ntakviyesi ile s\u00fct hummas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmelidir. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6neride s\u00fct hummas\u0131 riski bilinen<br \/>\nineklere buza\u011f\u0131lama g\u00fcn\u00fcnde veya buza\u011f\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda derialt\u0131 (subkutan) kalsiyum<br \/>\nuygulanabilir ve buza\u011f\u0131lamadan 12 saat sonra a\u011f\u0131z yoluyla kalsiyum verilebilir.<br \/>\nS\u00fct hummas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcde g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 % 1\u2019in \u00fczerinde ise, s\u00fcr\u00fcdeki gizli<br \/>\n(subklinik) s\u00fct hummas\u0131 oran\u0131n % 20 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fct<br \/>\nverimini artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde i\u015fletmelerde %5-<br \/>\n10 oran\u0131nda hipokalsemi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u00fct<br \/>\nhummas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 verim kay\u0131plar\u0131 ve tedavi masraflar\u0131 dahil hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 330<br \/>\n$ ekonomik kay\u0131p olu\u015ftu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\nHasta hayvanlar strese sokulmamal\u0131, yatmadan dolay\u0131 meydana gelebilecek<br \/>\nyaralar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131yla alt\u0131na bol miktarda yumu\u015fak altl\u0131k serilmelidir. 4 saat<br \/>\ni\u00e7erisinde kas ve sinir dokular\u0131nda geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmeyecek hasarlar meydana<br \/>\ngelebilece\u011finden, tedaviye gecikmeksizin ba\u015flan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kalsiyumun v\u00fccuttan<br \/>\nat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla tedavi sonras\u0131nda 24 saat s\u00fcre ile sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kurudaki \u0130nekte ve D\u00fcvelerde Bak\u0131m Besleme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Kuru d\u00f6nemdeki ineklerde;<\/em><br \/>\nKuru d\u00f6nem, ine\u011fin laktasyon periyodundan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, do\u011fum ve bir sonraki<br \/>\nlaktasyon d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131yan, do\u011fumdan \u00f6nceki 55-60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\ns\u00fcredir. Bu d\u00f6nemde ine\u011fe g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6zen hayvan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verimi \u00fczerinde belirgin<br \/>\nbir etkisi vard\u0131r. Do\u011facak buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi beslenmesi ve hastal\u0131klardan koruyacak<br \/>\nkaliteli bir kolostrum i\u00e7in de kuru d\u00f6neme ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<br \/>\nKurudaki inekler ya\u011flanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011fmal ineklerden ayr\u0131larak, ayr\u0131 bir bak\u0131m<br \/>\nve beslenme program\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 normalde h\u0131zla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi gereken<br \/>\nrahim, ya\u011flanan hayvanlarda ge\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmektedir. Gecikmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 rahim iltihaplar\u0131 ile<br \/>\nd\u00f6l verimi sorunlar\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fanabilmektedir. Vitamin ve mineral madde y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<br \/>\nzenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kuru d\u00f6nem yemi; s\u00fct ve besi yemlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjiye sahip<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><em>Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, 60 g\u00fcnden uzun bir kuru d\u00f6nemin ine\u011fe herhangi bir<\/em><br \/>\n<em>yarar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130nekler do\u011fumdan 55-60 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce kuruya (sa\u011f\u0131mdan kesme) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak, y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nverime ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u0131pranan sindirim sistemi ve meme dokusu dinlendirilerek, yenilenmesi<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kuruya \u00e7\u0131karma; yem ve suyun k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 ile birlikte y\u00fcksek verimlilerde g\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbir kez veya g\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131m, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlilerde ise sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n aniden durdurulmas\u0131<br \/>\n\u015feklinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nemin ilk ve son iki haftalar\u0131nda \u015fekillenebilecek mastitlere kar\u015f\u0131 uyan\u0131k<br \/>\nolunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kurudaki inekler (do\u011fumuna 60 g\u00fcn kalan gebe d\u00fcveler dahil); hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nv\u00fccut direnci d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 etkenlerle temaslar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmak i\u00e7in<br \/>\nah\u0131r\u0131n en temiz b\u00f6l\u00fcmde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130mmun sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in A, D ve E vitamini ile \u00f6zellikle selenyum<br \/>\ntakviyesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r. \u00dclkemiz topraklar\u0131nda selenyum, bak\u0131r, molibden<br \/>\nve iyot eksikli\u011finin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fumuna 4-9 hafta kala, E. coli, rotavir\u00fcs ve coronavir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131nda yavrunun gebelik s\u00fcresince hacimsel geli\u015fiminin i\u015fkembe \u00fczerine<br \/>\nyarataca\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 paralelinde annenin besin maddelerine olan ihtiyac\u0131 artar. Bu sebeple,<br \/>\nfazla miktarda sulu (hacimli) ancak besin madde yo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan silaj, pancar,<br \/>\ndomates ve elma posalar\u0131 ile taze bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f ye\u015fil yemler beslenme eksikli\u011fine yol<br \/>\na\u00e7abilece\u011finden \u00f6zellikle de do\u011fuma bir ay kalm\u0131\u015f hayvanlara yedirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde konsantre yemle beslenen hayvanlarda strese giren i\u015fkembenin<br \/>\ndinlenmesi ve yenilenmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130nek kuru d\u00f6nemde v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az % 2\u2019si<br \/>\nkadar kuru madde cinsinden kaliteli kurutulmu\u015f \u00e7ay\u0131r otu yada has\u0131l yemleri ile<br \/>\nbeslenmelidir. Son y\u0131llarda kuru d\u00f6nemde sadece kaliteli kuru \u00e7ay\u0131r otuyla beslemenin<br \/>\ndo\u011fum sonras\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde etkili oldu\u011funa dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<br \/>\nyay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ve V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoruna (VKS) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verilecek<br \/>\nkonsantre yem miktar\u0131 v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 0,5\u2019ini ge\u00e7memelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Kurudaki ine\u011fi s\u00fct verimine haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in; do\u011fuma 15 g\u00fcn kala kuru d\u00f6nem<br \/>\nyem miktar\u0131 azalt\u0131larak, yerine s\u00fct yemi verilmek suretiyle do\u011fuma kadar 3-5 kg s\u00fct<br \/>\nyemi t\u00fcketmesi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde VKS\u2019si y\u00fcksek bir ine\u011fe kuru d\u00f6nemde rejim yapt\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nZay\u0131f ineklerin hafif\u00e7e kilo almas\u0131na izin verilebilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0K\u00fcflenmi\u015f, k\u0131z\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve herhangi bir \u015fekilde bozulmu\u015f yemler yavru atmalara<br \/>\nneden olabilece\u011finden asla yedirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>-D\u00fcvelerde;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sakin bir \u015fekilde davran\u0131larak yeti\u015ftirilen buza\u011f\u0131-d\u00fcveler; inek d\u00f6nemlerinde<br \/>\nyap\u0131lacak uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131 (sa\u011f\u0131m, a\u015f\u0131, muayene, nakli vb.) agresif bir \u015fekilde idare<br \/>\nedilenlere g\u00f6re daha az reaksiyon g\u00f6sterirken, \u00e7iftlik personeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda da daha az<br \/>\nyaralanma riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle, hayvanlar\u0131 \u00fcrk\u00fctecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc davran\u0131\u015ftan<br \/>\n\u00f6zenle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle hayvan sevk ve idaresi; korkutma ara\u00e7lar\u0131na<br \/>\nasla ba\u015fvurmadan, \u00f6d\u00fcl ve te\u015fvik \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda en h\u0131zl\u0131 meme geli\u015fimi 4-9 ayl\u0131k ya\u015flar aras\u0131nda olmaktad\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 besleme (Holstein gibi iri c\u00fcsselilerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 800 gr,<br \/>\nJersey gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck c\u00fcsselilerde 500 gr\u2019dan fazla) durumunda memede; s\u00fct bezlerinin<br \/>\nyerini ya\u011f dokusu dolduraca\u011f\u0131ndan, et memelilik denilen tablo \u015fekillenebilir ve daha<br \/>\nsonra yap\u0131lacak yem k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 ile de giderilemez. \u00d6zellikle 4\u20139 ayl\u0131k ya\u015f<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemlerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beslemeden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (iri c\u00fcsselilerde 800 g\/g\u00fcn \u00fczerine<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r). D\u00fcvelerde \u00f6nerilen v\u00fccut kondisyon skoru 2,75-3,25. Di\u015fi danalar<br \/>\nc\u00fcsseye ve ya\u015fa g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 yemleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fckler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerin yemlerini t\u00fcketebilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemizde yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamalardan biri d\u00fcvelerin kalitesiz kaba yem veya sa\u011fmal<br \/>\nhayvanlardan arta kalan yemlerle beslenmesidir. Bu durum, geli\u015fme gerili\u011finden,<br \/>\nd\u00fczensiz canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme art\u0131\u015f\u0131na buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da ge\u00e7, d\u00fczensiz veya gizli<br \/>\nk\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131ktan, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeme ve d\u00f6l tutmamaya varan sorunlara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemizde s\u0131kl\u0131kla yap\u0131lan \u00f6nemli yanl\u0131\u015flardan biri de yeti\u015ftiricilerin gen\u00e7 di\u015fi<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde besi yemleri veya tah\u0131l k\u0131rmalar\u0131yla besleyerek, besilik form<br \/>\nkazand\u0131rmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum sadece s\u00fct verimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, d\u00f6l verimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda da<br \/>\nsorunlara sebebiyet vermektedir. D\u00f6rt ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan gebeli\u011fin son iki ay\u0131na kadar g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\n750-800 gr, gebeli\u011fin son iki ay\u0131nda ise g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flayacak kaliteli \u00e7ay\u0131r otuna dayal\u0131 dengeli bir besleme program\u0131 uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u00fcveler, 8-10 ayl\u0131kken cinsel olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015farak bo\u011fasakl\u0131k\\k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k hali<br \/>\ng\u00f6sterirler. Holstein \u0131rk\u0131 di\u015fi danalar\u0131n 9 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131<br \/>\nbeslendi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 besleme ayn\u0131 zamanda yumurtal\u0131k kistlerine<br \/>\nsebebiyet vermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcveler; ergin canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k % 60\u2019na, 13-15 ayl\u0131k ya\u015fa ve en az 127<br \/>\ncm sa\u011fr\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fine (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck c\u00fcsseli jersey ve yerli \u0131rklar hari\u00e7) ula\u015fmadan gebe<br \/>\nb\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Yerli \u0131rk d\u00fcveler ise, 18 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmamak \u00fczere, ergin<br \/>\nya\u015f a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 2\/3\u2019\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tohumlanmas\u0131 esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lkine Buza\u011f\u0131lama Ya\u015f\u0131; yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar; entansif bak\u0131m ve besleme<br \/>\nko\u015fullar\u0131nda en uygun zaman\u0131n, 23-26 ayl\u0131k ya\u015flar oldu\u011fu, 28 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan sonra<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131layan d\u00fcvelerde, 1.laktasyondaki s\u00fct veriminde bir miktar art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de<br \/>\nsonraki laktasyonlarda s\u00fct veriminin 23-26 ayl\u0131k ya\u015flarda buza\u011f\u0131layanlara oranla daha<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. D\u00fcveler buza\u011f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ergin canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k % 82 sine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ge\u00e7 ya\u015fta tohumlanan d\u00fcvelerde; mali kay\u0131plar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum ve<br \/>\nmastitise yakalanma oran\u0131 artmakta, verimli \u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00fcresi ise k\u0131salmaktad\u0131r. 23-26 ayl\u0131k<br \/>\nya\u015fta yani zaman\u0131nda ilkine do\u011fum yapan d\u00fcveler ge\u00e7 buza\u011f\u0131layan d\u00fcvelere g\u00f6re<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcde daha uzun s\u00fcre kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan hayat boyu elde edilen buza\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ve s\u00fct<br \/>\nmiktar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lkine buza\u011f\u0131lama ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 1 ayl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi 100 ba\u015fl\u0131k<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcde, s\u00fcr\u00fc yenilemede gerekli d\u00fcve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00b13 ba\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Erken ya\u015fta (13 aydan \u00f6nce) tohumlanan d\u00fcvelerde ise g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131, v\u00fccut\/iskelet geli\u015fimini tamamlayamama, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131<br \/>\ndiren\u00e7sizlik, s\u00fct veriminin t\u00fcm laktasyon boyunca daha az olmas\u0131 gibi olumsuzluklar<br \/>\nya\u015fanabilmektedir<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fuma sebep olabilecek bo\u011fa spermalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcvelerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan<br \/>\n\u00f6zellikle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum yapan ineklerin ya\u011f verimi<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile beraber laktasyonda 700 kg daha az s\u00fct verdi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Gebe d\u00fcvelerde buza\u011f\u0131lamaya 15 g\u00fcn kala s\u00fct yemine ba\u015flat\u0131larak, do\u011fuma<br \/>\nkadar s\u00fct yemine al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130lkine do\u011fum yapan ineklerin s\u00fct verimi, s\u00fcr\u00fc ortalamas\u0131ndan % 30 daha az ise bu<br \/>\ninekler s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (reforme edilmeli)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BES\u0130 SI\u011eIRLARININ BESLENMES\u0130<\/h3>\n<p>Besicilik; t\u00fcketicinin isteklerine cevap verecek tarzda bir karkas\u0131, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ve<br \/>\nekonomik y\u00f6ntemlerle elde etmek amac\u0131yla hayvanlar\u0131n yo\u011fun \u015fekilde beslenmesi<br \/>\nolarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131r besisinde en uygun program \u015fudur demek pek do\u011fru<br \/>\nde\u011fildir. Yeti\u015ftirici; pazar ko\u015fullar\u0131na, besilik hayvan ve yem teminine, mevsime,<br \/>\nekonomik durumuna, bar\u0131nak ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik kapasitesine g\u00f6re program yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nGen\u00e7 erkek s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; dam\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6zeli\u011fi olmayan gen\u00e7 di\u015filer ve<br \/>\ndam\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011ferini yitirmi\u015f inekler de besiye al\u0131narak et verimleri iyile\u015ftirilebilir.<br \/>\nBesicilikte karl\u0131l\u0131k, besi hayvan\u0131ndan elde edilen birim k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 et miktar\u0131 kadar birim et<br \/>\ni\u00e7in yap\u0131lan harcamalara da ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca besicilik y\u00fcksek sermaye istedi\u011finden,<br \/>\ny\u00fcksek enflasyonlu (y\u0131ll\u0131k %4 den fazla) \u00fclkelerde besi devir h\u0131z\u0131 (s\u00fcresi) besicilik<br \/>\nfaaliyetinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak karl\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine etki etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Besi performans\u0131 \u00fczerine, hayvan\u0131n \u0131rk\u0131, ya\u015f\u0131, cinsiyeti, orijini, beden yap\u0131s\u0131,<br \/>\nkondisyonu ile bak\u0131m ve beslenmesi etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Besi performans\u0131n<br \/>\nde\u011ferlendirmesinde, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 (\u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00fcnl\u00fck) ve yemden yararlanma<br \/>\nyetene\u011fi (1 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcketti\u011fi yem miktar\u0131) olmak \u00fczere iki parametre<br \/>\nesas al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgeden sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p i\u015fletmeye getirilen hayvanlar\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle strese<br \/>\ngirece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletmeye yeni al\u0131nan besilik s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar; ilk 2 hafta boyunca,<br \/>\nkaliteli kuru ot (\u00e7ay\u0131r otu, fi\u011f+yulaf, yonca) ve temiz i\u00e7me suyu gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda hafif eksersizle birlikte g\u00fcvenli rahat bir dinlenme ortam\u0131 (bol<br \/>\nsapl\u0131 veya tala\u015fl\u0131, kuru g\u00fcbre, kumlu yatakl\u0131k) sa\u011flanarak bak\u0131c\u0131ya ve ortama<br \/>\nal\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk 10 g\u00fcn taze\/ya\u015f ot ve silajlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse verilmemeli veya \u00e7ok ufak<br \/>\nporsiyonlarda verilmelidir. G\u00fcnde verilecek konsantre yem (fabrika yemi, k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya<br \/>\nezilmi\u015f m\u0131s\u0131r, bu\u011fday, arpa vb) miktar\u0131 maksimum 0,5 kg olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak 10. g\u00fcnden<br \/>\nsonra taze ot, silaj ve konsantre yem miktar\u0131 yava\u015f, yava\u015f (g\u00fcnde 0,25 kg) art\u0131r\u0131larak<br \/>\nhayvan\u0131n i\u015fletme rasyon program\u0131na uyumu sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Konsantre yem ve samana dayal\u0131 yap\u0131lan besicilik beslenme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan (asidoz,<br \/>\nayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 vb.) sorunludur, rasyonda mutlaka kaliteli kaba yeme yer verilmelidir.<br \/>\nBesi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131na su serbest olarak sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ndurumlarda g\u00fcnde en az 3 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn sulama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Gen\u00e7 erkek s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n besisi; birbirini takip eden Besi Geli\u015ftirme ve Bitirme<br \/>\nD\u00f6nemi olmak \u00fczere iki d\u00f6nemde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Besi Geli\u015ftirme D\u00f6nemi (6-10 ayl\u0131k); 300-350 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (ergin canl\u0131<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %65) ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadarki b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde mineral madde ve<br \/>\nprotein gereksinimi \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olup; 150-350 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki besi<br \/>\nhayvanlar\u0131nda rasyonun ham protein d\u00fczeyinin % 14-15 olmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmektedir.<br \/>\n\u00d6ncelikle hayvan\u0131n iskeleti geli\u015ftirilerek, \u00fczerine kas birikimi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemde protein miktar\u0131 kadar proteinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi metiyonin, lizin ve treonin aminoasit<br \/>\nihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n dengeli bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, sonraki g\u00fcnl\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nbak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Erken ya\u015flardan itibaren y\u00fcksek besleme d\u00fczeyinde<br \/>\ntutulan hayvanlar erken ya\u011flanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, beklenen kesim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na 50-100<br \/>\nkg daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta ula\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>Rasyondaki kaliteli kaba yem oran\u0131n\u0131n kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re besi geli\u015ftirme<br \/>\nd\u00f6nemi ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda (100-200 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k) % 50, sonuna do\u011fru (200-350 kg canl\u0131<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k) % 30 olmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Rasyondaki kaliteli kaba yem oran\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemelidir. Fazla tah\u0131l veya kesif yem verilmesi asidoz ve laminitis riskini<br \/>\nart\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan, beklenen canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamayacakt\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda %<br \/>\n70\u2019den fazla konsantre yem veya tah\u0131l verilmesinin, ekonomik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi besi s\u00fcresi<br \/>\nve besi performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok\u00e7a da etkilemedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Besi Geli\u015ftirme D\u00f6nemi<br \/>\nboyunca m\u0131s\u0131r veya ot silajlar\u0131 5-6 kg kadar verilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Besi Bitirme D\u00f6nemi; 300-350 kilodan 550-650 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131ncaya<br \/>\nkadar ki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 yo\u011fun besi program\u0131na tabi tutularak, besi sonu canl\u0131<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde rasyonun ham protein<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyinin % 12-13 aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 istenir, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in<br \/>\nrasyonda tah\u0131l ve konsantre yem a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131labilir. Asidoz ve ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan<br \/>\nkorunmak ve daha iyi bir besi performans\u0131 i\u00e7in tah\u0131llar \u00e7ok ince \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclmemeli,<br \/>\nkonsantre yem oran\u0131 tedricen (g\u00fcnl\u00fck 0,25 kg) art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde 2,5 kg\u2019dan fazla<br \/>\nkesif yem verilmemelidir. Yemlemede yemden yeme ge\u00e7i\u015fe \u00f6nem verilmeli ayn\u0131<br \/>\nfirman\u0131n yemi olsa dahi en az 4-5 g\u00fcn eski yem ile yeni yem kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak sunulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nBu d\u00f6nemde rasyonun kaba yem oran\u0131 % 15-20 seviyesine kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong>Hayvan\u0131n Canl\u0131 A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (CA) G\u00f6re Yakla\u015f\u0131k Kuru Madde T\u00fcketimi <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4419\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/tuketim.jpg\" alt=\"tuketim\" width=\"406\" height=\"350\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Besi S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda kuru madde t\u00fcketimi ve yemlemede dikkat edilecek hususlar;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131 genellikle enerji d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek rasyonlarla beslenmekte olup, ya\u015f<br \/>\nilerledik\u00e7e, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e, enerji gereksinimi de artmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 rasyonlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek enerji gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere fazla<br \/>\nmiktarda tah\u0131l i\u00e7erdi\u011finden yemler en az 3-4 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde hayvanlara servis edilmelidir<\/li>\n<li>Yemleme m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fcn\u00fcn ayn\u0131 saatlerinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hayvanlar<br \/>\ng\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fcketimlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiklerinden, ge\u00e7<br \/>\nak\u015fam veya gece yemlemesi, sabah yemliklerde yem kalacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nZorunluluktan g\u00fcnde iki \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn yemleme yap\u0131l\u0131yorsa, bir g\u00fcnde verilecek yemin % 40\u2019\u0131<br \/>\nsabah, % 60\u2019\u0131 ak\u015fam verilmelidir. \u00c7ok s\u0131cak havalarda ak\u015fam verilen yem miktar\u0131 %<br \/>\n70\u2019e kadar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hayvanlar\u0131n kaba yemi ay\u0131r\u0131p kesif yeme y\u00f6nelmelerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kaba ve<br \/>\nkesif yemler mutlaka homojen bir \u015fekilde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse kesif<br \/>\nve kaba yemler yem karma vagonlar\u0131nda kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rasyonda kullan\u0131lacak su oran\u0131<br \/>\ny\u00fcksek yemler (possa ve silajlar), iyi bir homojenizat\u00f6r g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Sunulan yemlerdeki y\u00fcksek seviyedeki nem, yem t\u00fcketimini azaltarak geli\u015fmeyi<br \/>\nyava\u015flat\u0131rken, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 halinde ise tozlanmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 akci\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131<br \/>\nolu\u015fabilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Problemli durumlarda rasyonda kaba yem d\u00fczeyi ve kaba yemin partik\u00fcl boyutu<br \/>\nart\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, gerekirse tampon madde kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yeme kat\u0131lacak tampon maddeler<br \/>\nsorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde yard\u0131mc\u0131 rol oynayabilir esas odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenin ise<br \/>\nrasyonun yap\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimidir.<\/li>\n<li>Yeme kat\u0131lacak tampon maddeler; yem t\u00fcketimi, sel\u00fcloz sindirimi ve mikrobiyel<br \/>\nprotein sentezini iyile\u015ftirilebilir. Uzmanlar; toplam rasyon kuru maddesine tampon<br \/>\nmadde olarak % 0,6-0,8 oran\u0131nda sodyum bikarbonat (NaHCO\u021d) veya sodyum<br \/>\nbikarbonat + magnezyum oksit (3:1 oran\u0131nda) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Asla k\u00fcfl\u00fc, donmu\u015f ve bozuk yemler hayvanlara yedirilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcketilmeyen yemler; yem t\u00fcketimini ve hijyenini olumsuz etkileyece\u011fi gibi<br \/>\nsinek art\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131ndan yemliklerden s\u0131kl\u0131kla uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 et \u00fcretim maliyetinde \u00f6nemli a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan yemden, hayvanlar\u0131n azami<br \/>\n\u015fekilde yararlanmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in de belirli periyodlarla s\u00fcr\u00fcde<br \/>\nVKS tayini veya canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k tart\u0131m\u0131, rasyon ve g\u00fcbre analizi yapt\u0131r\u0131larak hayvanlar\u0131n<br \/>\nverilen yemden ne oranda yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e t\u00fcketti\u011fi yeme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nazalmaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle yemden yararlanma oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k<br \/>\nart\u0131\u015f\u0131, gen\u00e7 hayvanlarda daha \u00e7ok kas (et) k\u00fctlesi kaynakl\u0131 iken, ya\u015fl\u0131 hayvanlarda ya\u011f<br \/>\nk\u00fctlesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u011f depolayan hayvanlar canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nmiktarda enerji t\u00fcketerek sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, besisi ekonomik olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcketilen yem ve su miktar\u0131, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n kompozisyonu, solunum sistemi ve ayak<br \/>\nsorunlar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00f6zlenmeli, sorunlar vakit ge\u00e7irilmeden sorumlu veteriner<br \/>\nhekime bildirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u00dcREME SA\u011eLI\u011eI ve Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130<\/h3>\n<p>Modern s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinde ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 belirleyen en \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden<br \/>\nbirisi d\u00f6l veriminin optimum seviyede tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Optimum seviyelerde d\u00f6l veriminin<br \/>\nanlam\u0131; daha fazla s\u00fct, daha fazla buza\u011f\u0131 ve daha fazla seleksiyon imkan\u0131 demektir.<br \/>\nY\u0131lda bir buza\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131 hedefi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u00fcksek s\u00fct verimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 380-410<br \/>\ng\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131lama aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzamas\u0131 sadece verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011flanmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nABD&#8217;de s\u00fct i\u015fletmeleri; do\u011fumdan 120 g\u00fcn sonra gebe kalmayan inek ba\u015f\u0131na her g\u00fcn<br \/>\ni\u00e7in 5 dolar\u0131 zarar olarak muhasebele\u015ftirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ine\u011fin do\u011furmas\u0131ndan<br \/>\n160 g\u00fcn sonra gebe kalmas\u0131 durumunda 40 g\u00fcn x 5$\/g\u00fcn =200 $ inek ba\u015f\u0131na zarar<br \/>\nettiklerini hesaplarlar. Bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki yeti\u015ftiriciler, zaman\u0131nda gebe kalmayan inek<br \/>\nba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcnl\u00fck zarar\u0131, 11 kg \u00e7i\u011f s\u00fct e\u015fde\u011ferini baz almaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f6l verimi; bak\u0131m, besleme ve hayvan refah\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ele<br \/>\nal\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletmelerde; k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k tespitinin do\u011fru ve zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<br \/>\ndo\u011fumdan sonraki ilk tohumlamaya kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrenin 60-85 g\u00fcn olmas\u0131, gebelik elde<br \/>\nedilecek tohumlama say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 3 den az, gebelik endeksinin (s\u00fcr\u00fcde gebelik ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen<br \/>\ntohumlama say\u0131s\u0131) 2 den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131, servis periyodunun (ine\u011fin buza\u011f\u0131lamas\u0131ndan<br \/>\nyeniden d\u00f6l tutuncaya kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre) 60-125 g\u00fcn olmas\u0131 gibi temel parametreler<br \/>\n\u00fczerinden \u00fcreme protokolleri olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Olu\u015fturulan protokoller; d\u00fczenli kay\u0131t<br \/>\ntutma, g\u00f6zlem, tecr\u00fcbe, takip ve belirlenmi\u015f hedefler do\u011frultusunda g\u00fcncellenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Her \u00e7iftli\u011fin kendine \u00f6zel bir k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k takip program\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle s\u00fct<br \/>\nverimi y\u00fcksek olan ineklerde k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6sterme s\u00fcresi k\u0131salmaktad\u0131r. Orta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck<br \/>\n\u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmeler, ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan her k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 21 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir zaman kayb\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z<br \/>\n\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k takibinden sorumlu bir ki\u015fi belirlenmelidir. K\u0131sa veya<br \/>\nrastgele s\u00fcrelerle yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc ineklerin k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yakalamak i\u00e7in<br \/>\nyeterli olmamaktad\u0131r. Tecr\u00fcbeli ve sorumlu ki\u015fi; ineklerin % 70\u2019inin k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa; 18.00-<br \/>\n06.00 saatleri aras\u0131nda geldi\u011fini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, sabahleyin erken ve<br \/>\nak\u015famleyin ge\u00e7 saatlerde g\u00fcnde en az iki kez, 30 dakikadan az olmamak \u015fart\u0131yla<br \/>\ninekleri g\u00f6zlemleyerek k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k tespiti yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130neklerde ilk ovulasyonlar genelde k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k belirtileri g\u00f6stermeden \u015fekillenir ve<br \/>\nbunu k\u0131sa bir siklus izler. \u0130neklerde uterus ve ovaryum yeterince toparlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\nk\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k belirtileri g\u00f6sterseler bile do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk tohumlaman\u0131n 50. g\u00fcnden<br \/>\n\u00f6nce yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmez. Bu 50 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcre, s\u00fct verimi y\u00fcksek olan, g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum yapan<br \/>\nve hastal\u0131k ge\u00e7iren ineklerde uzat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fumdan sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k 60.g\u00fcnde<br \/>\nyap\u0131lacak ilk tohumlama i\u00e7in 2 k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k siklusunun ge\u00e7mesi beklenmelidir. Yap\u0131lan<br \/>\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ilk tohumlama \u00f6ncesi k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla<br \/>\nolmas\u0131n\u0131n ineklerin d\u00f6l verimini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fcde do\u011fum<br \/>\nsonras\u0131 80. g\u00fcnde ineklerin en az % 80\u2019inin tohumlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 hedeflenmelidir.<br \/>\nNormal ko\u015fullarda s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc ineklerde buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonraki 20-30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ilk<br \/>\novulasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ancak hayvan\u0131n; v\u00fccut kondisyon skoru (VKS), s\u00fct verimi,<br \/>\nenerji dengesi, sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu ve refah\u0131 do\u011fumdan sonra \u015fekillenen ilk ovulasyona etki<br \/>\neden fakt\u00f6rlerdir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 ilk be\u015f haftada VKS\u2019nda her 0,5 birimlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fte ineklerdeki ilk<br \/>\novulasyon zaman\u0131 27. g\u00fcnden 42. g\u00fcne kadar uzamaktad\u0131r. Yine erken laktasyon<br \/>\nd\u00f6neminde v\u00fccut kondisyon skorundaki her bir birim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, d\u00f6l tutmay\u0131 % 17-38<br \/>\noran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilmektedir. S\u00fct ineklerinin, fizyolojik d\u00f6nemlerine g\u00f6re arzulanan<br \/>\nv\u00fccut kondisyon skorlar\u0131na uyacak \u015fekilde bak\u0131m ve beslenmesi, d\u00f6l tutma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\nelzemdir.<\/p>\n<p>Yine 305 g\u00fcnl\u00fck laktasyon s\u00fcrecinde 9.000 kg s\u00fct veren ineklerde do\u011fum<br \/>\nsonras\u0131 ilk ovulasyon ortalama 30. g\u00fcnde, ilk k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k ise 54. g\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken,<br \/>\n12.000 kg s\u00fct verenlerde do\u011fum sonras\u0131 ilk ovulasyon 40. g\u00fcnde, ilk k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k ise 72.<br \/>\ng\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde artan s\u00fct verimi nispetinde yem t\u00fcketimi<br \/>\nartmamaktad\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00fcksek verimli hayvanlarda daha fazla ve daha \u015fiddetli enerji<br \/>\na\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fmakta, bu negatif enerji dengesi, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 seks\u00fcel sikluslar\u0131n<br \/>\nba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 geciktirmekte hatta durdurabilmektedir. Y\u00fcksek s\u00fct verimli ineklerde ilk<br \/>\nlaktasyonda negatif enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle inaktif ovaryum veya kistik ovaryum ile<br \/>\nkar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 metabolik hastal\u0131klar, metritis, mastitis, ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi<br \/>\nsa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131; k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k s\u00fcrelerini uzatmakta veya \u015fiddetine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da<br \/>\novulasyonu tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130neklerin, kapal\u0131 ah\u0131rlarda boynundan ba\u011fl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 bir stres fakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<br \/>\nAyr\u0131ca ine\u011fin boynundan ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli belirtisi olan atlamadurma<br \/>\nhareketini \u00f6nleyerek, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k takibini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k belirtilerinin do\u011fru ve\/veya zaman\u0131nda tespit edilmemesinde, rahim<br \/>\niltihaplar\u0131nda ve enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klarda (BVD, IBR, Brucelloz vb.), s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresinde,<br \/>\nhayvan refah\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131nda, karanl\u0131k, havas\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc zeminli ah\u0131rlarda, yetersiz<br \/>\nve\/veya dengesiz rasyonla beslemede; gebelik ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen tohumlama say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ngibi gebe kalma oranlar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcr\u00fcde gebelik oran\u0131, do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk tohumlamalarda en az % 45, ikinci<br \/>\nve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tohumlamalardan sonra ise % 35-40 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu oran\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi,<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcde d\u00f6l tutma sorununun var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Tohumlama say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a gebelik<br \/>\noran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. \u0130\u015fletmelerde gebelik indeksi 2\u2019nin alt\u0131nda ( \u02c2 2) olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka<br \/>\nifadeyle gebe b\u0131rak\u0131lan her 100 ba\u015f inek i\u00e7in toplamda 200 den az tohumlama<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00fcksek miktarda protein i\u00e7eren rasyonlarla beslenen ineklerde, kanda \u00fcre<br \/>\nnitrojen seviyesi artmakta, artan bu seviye ise d\u00f6l tutmay\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde<br \/>\netkilemektedir. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda normal \u015fartlarda kan \u00fcre nitrojen konsantrasyonu 12-15 mg\/dl<br \/>\naras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, bu seviyenin 19-20 mg\/dl\u2019den y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131<br \/>\nhalinde, ineklerde gebelik oran\u0131n\u0131n %20-25 oran\u0131nda azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle uygun \u00fcreme verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in rasyonda kuru madde baz\u0131nda ham<br \/>\nprotein oran\u0131n\u0131n %17 ve rumende y\u0131k\u0131mlanabilen protein oran\u0131n\u0131n %10 olarak<br \/>\ns\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; entansif yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve ineklerde<br \/>\ns\u00fct verimi art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri azalmakta, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k tespiti ve tohumlama<br \/>\nba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ise d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Normal k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6steren hayvanlar\u0131n tespit edilerek<br \/>\ntohumlanmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki uygulamalar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde etkinli\u011fi kaybetmekte, bu ba\u011flamda<br \/>\nbir\u00e7ok i\u015fletme gebe b\u0131rakmay\u0131, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k siklusunu d\u00fczenleyen ve kontrol eden ila\u00e7larla<br \/>\nyapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, d\u00f6l verimi \u00fczerinde \u00e7evre fakt\u00f6rleri ( s\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netimi,<br \/>\nbak\u0131m, besleme ve bar\u0131nak ) % 80-85, geneti\u011fin ise %15-20 oran\u0131nda etkili oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nhesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcr\u00fcde d\u00f6l tutmama sorunu y\u00fcksekse; s\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netimi, rasyonlar\u0131 ve<br \/>\nyemlemeyi, bar\u0131nak ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve parazit durumunu, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da inekte sorun<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa; o ineklerin akrabalar\u0131na ait bilgilere ula\u015f\u0131p sorunun genetik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ny\u00f6n\u00fcnde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Yavru Atma (Abort)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yavru atma; gebeli\u011fin 50-270 g\u00fcnleri aras\u0131nda sonlanmas\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yap\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\nhalidir. Abort durumunda buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc do\u011far veya do\u011fumdan sonraki 24 saat i\u00e7erisinde<br \/>\n\u00f6l\u00fcr. Ancak pratikte ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc aylarda meydan gelen at\u0131klar, hayvan\u0131n ileri<br \/>\ngebeli\u011fe ili\u015fkin belirtileri g\u00f6stermemesi veya tekrardan k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi ile fark<br \/>\nedilebildi\u011finden, at\u0131klar (abort) ancak 120 g\u00fcnden sonra hesaplanabilmektedir.<br \/>\nAt\u0131klar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok sebebi vard\u0131r. Abort sebepleri enfeksiyon ve enfeksiyon d\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nfakt\u00f6rler olmak \u00fczere iki ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Enfeksiyona ba\u011fl\u0131 abort etkenleri;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brucella, leptospirozis, listerozis, neospora, BVD gibi do\u011frudan etkililer,<\/li>\n<li>\u015eap, \u0130BR gibi ate\u015fle seyreden enfeksiyonlar.<br \/>\nEnfeksiyona ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan abort etkenleri;<\/li>\n<li>Genetik kusurlar (brachyspina gibi),<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7evre fakt\u00f6rleri (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k gibi),<\/li>\n<li>Besleme hatalar\u0131 (k\u00fcfl\u00fc, donmu\u015f, mikotoksin i\u00e7eren yemler gibi),<\/li>\n<li>Di\u011fer (travma, at\u0131\u011fa sebep olan ila\u00e7lar gibi)<\/li>\n<li>Abortlar\u0131n (at\u0131klar\u0131n) \u00f6nlenmesinde; kay\u0131t tutma, a\u015f\u0131lama, ineklerin ve yemin (besin<br \/>\nmadde i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve k\u00fcfler y\u00f6n\u00fcnde) izlenmesi ile laboratuvara marazi maddelerin<br \/>\nzaman\u0131nda ve uygun bir \u015fekilde ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kritik \u00f6nemdedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fal A\u015f\u0131mda Kullan\u0131lacak Bo\u011falarda Fertilite<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bo\u011falar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u015f\u0131m yapabilmeleri, \u00f6ncelikle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, haraketli ve<br \/>\nfit (formda) olmalar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. A\u015f\u0131m yapacak bo\u011falar\u0131n VKS skorlar\u0131 2,5-3<br \/>\n(orta karar) olmal\u0131d\u0131r. V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skorlar\u0131n\u0131n (VKS) oynak olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\nrasyonlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidilmemeli, b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lacaksa 3-4 haftal\u0131k<br \/>\nbir al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131 uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u011flanma ve k\u00f6t\u00fc rasyon; bo\u011falarda ba\u015fta ayak<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununa yol a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, a\u015f\u0131m ve fertiliteyi olumsuz<br \/>\ny\u00f6nde etkilemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Bo\u011falarda scrotumun (testis) \u00e7evre uzunlu\u011fu ile d\u00f6l verimi aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki<br \/>\nvard\u0131r. Bir ya\u015f\u0131nda ideal bir bo\u011fan\u0131n scrotumunun \u00e7evre uzunlu\u011fu minimum 32 cm<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r. Scrotumun \u00e7evre uzunlu\u011fu artt\u0131k\u00e7a bo\u011fan\u0131n fertilite kapasitesi de artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yapay tohumlamada ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6stergesi, gebelik ba\u015f\u0131na a\u015f\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1,5\u2019dan az<br \/>\nolmas\u0131 ve 2 nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 ve ilk tohumlamada gebelik oran\u0131n\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcr\u00fclerde akrabal\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmeden kaynaklanan \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamak<br \/>\ni\u00e7in tohumlanacak ine\u011fin bo\u011fa ile yak\u0131n akraba olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlemesi gerekmektedir. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle, ayn\u0131 bo\u011fa bir i\u015fletmede\/k\u00f6yde 2 y\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcre kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u00fcr\u00fcde bo\u011fa kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile suni tohumlama<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda gebelik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir fark olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5.000 $<br \/>\nde\u011ferinde bir bo\u011fadan elde edilen y\u0131ll\u0131k 25 gebeli\u011fin ortalama birim gebelik maliyeti 90<br \/>\n$ iken, de\u011feri 4.000 $ olan bo\u011fada bu maliyet 75-80 $ oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Kaba<br \/>\nyem fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n ABD ye g\u00f6re % 100 daha pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkemizde bu tabii tohumlama<br \/>\nmaliyeti g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca bo\u011fan\u0131n i\u015fletmede bak\u0131m\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00f6netimi, dam\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011ferinin<br \/>\nbilinmemesi (progeny testi veya genomik de\u011ferlendirmeden ge\u00e7memesi), s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 genetik<br \/>\nkapasitesi ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gibi sorunlar iyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. \u00dclkemizdeki k\u00f6ylerin veya<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerin sa\u011fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc (brucella, BVD, IBR, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, complyobacteriosis,<br \/>\nleptospirosis, mavidil vb hastal\u0131k riskleri), test, a\u015f\u0131 ve veterinerlik giderleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulunduruldu\u011funda zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fclerde tabi tohumlama bo\u011fas\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\n\u00f6nerilmemektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Islah \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinde kan yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayacak tarzda \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<br \/>\nkesintisiz bir \u015fekilde uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yetersiz verimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kartmalar\u0131n<br \/>\nba\u015fl\u0131ca sebepleri; meme, ayak-bacak ve d\u00f6l tutmamad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek verimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu<br \/>\nverimi v\u00fccudunun fiziksel \u00f6zellikleriyle ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek inekler elde edilmeli, bunun i\u00e7in<br \/>\nde o y\u00f6nde d\u00fczeltici bo\u011fa tohumlar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ama\u00e7la, d\u00f6l<br \/>\nkontrol\u00fc veya genomik de\u011ferlendirmeden ge\u00e7mi\u015f bo\u011falara ait sperma kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc veya kombine \u0131rklarda Dam\u0131zl\u0131k De\u011fer Endeksi; ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli<br \/>\n\u00f6zelliklere ili\u015fkin dam\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011ferleri, (Dam\u0131zl\u0131k S\u00fct Endeksi + Tip Endeksi + Verimli<br \/>\n\u00d6m\u00fcr Endeksi+ Somatik H\u00fccre Endeksi + Sa\u011f\u0131m H\u0131z\u0131 Endeksi + D\u00f6l Verimi Endeksi +<br \/>\nKondisyon Endeksi + Kolay Buza\u011f\u0131lama Endeksi + Et Performans\u0131 vb) kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan,<br \/>\nbo\u011fa se\u00e7imde en fazla \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken g\u00f6stergelerden biridir. Dam\u0131zl\u0131k<br \/>\nDe\u011fer Endeks hesaplamalar\u0131 bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle Toplam Performans \u0130ndeksi \u00fclkeden<br \/>\n\u00fclkeye ve bir \u00fclkede de y\u0131llara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/sutcu.jpg\" alt=\"sutcu\" width=\"569\" height=\"484\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Almanya Holstein Irk\u0131 Toplam Performans Endeksi \/RZG hesaplamalar\u0131nda <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011fer hesaplamalar\u0131nda AB \u00fclkeleri genellikle 100\u2019l\u00fc, ABD ise<br \/>\n1.000\u2019li endeks de\u011feri kullanmaktad\u0131r. Genetik ilerleme i\u00e7in TPI\u2019nin AB i\u00e7in +100<br \/>\npuan, ABD i\u00e7in se +1.000 puan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 istenir. Ancak baz\u0131 durumlarda ayakbacak<br \/>\nveya somatik h\u00fccre skoru gibi alt de\u011ferler, yeti\u015ftirici i\u00e7in Toplam Dam\u0131zl\u0131k De\u011fer<br \/>\nEndeksinden (TPI) daha \u00f6nemli olabilir. Bu nedenle bo\u011fan\u0131n de\u011ferini ve di\u011fer bo\u011falar<br \/>\naras\u0131ndaki yerini g\u00f6steren TPI\u2019nin, yan\u0131 s\u0131ra detaylar\u0131n\u0131n da incelenerek karar verilmesi<br \/>\ndaha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6z gelimi d\u00fcvelerde, ilk do\u011fumlar\u0131nda zorluk \u00e7ekebilecekleri g\u00f6z<br \/>\n\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak, tohum se\u00e7iminde buza\u011f\u0131lama kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 skoru y\u00fcksek bo\u011falara \u00f6ncelik<br \/>\nverilmelidir. \u00c7ay\u0131r-meraya dayal\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilik yapan baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki (\u00f6r: Avusturalya)<br \/>\nyeti\u015ftiriciler kolay do\u011fumu garantilemek i\u00e7in Holstein \u0131rk\u0131 d\u00fcvelerde Jersey tohumu<br \/>\nkullanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ineklerdeki s\u00fct protein genlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir seleksiyon<br \/>\nkriteridir. Genomik testler sayesinde ebeveynlerde s\u00fct proteini genlerinin ( beta (\u03b2)-<br \/>\nkazein, kappa (K)-kazein ve beta(\u03b2)-lactoglobulin) yap\u0131s\u0131 tespit edilerek, dam\u0131zl\u0131k bo\u011fa<br \/>\nse\u00e7iminde s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilerine alternatifler sunulabilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan<br \/>\nara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla, sa\u011fmal ineklerdeki \u03b2-kazein A1 geninin, insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olumsuz<br \/>\netkisi ortaya konuldu\u011fundan, Yeni Zelanda, Avustralya ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de insan t\u00fcketimine<br \/>\ndo\u011frudan arz edilen s\u00fctlerin \u00fczerinde \u201ca2\u201d etiketinin bulunmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu<br \/>\ngetirilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u03b2-kazein A1 geni ta\u015f\u0131mayan<br \/>\nineklerden elde edilen i\u00e7me s\u00fctler piyasaya arz edilmektedir. Yine kappa-kazein B<br \/>\nallelerinin peynir verimi ve kalitesi ile pozitif bir ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Keza<br \/>\npeynir kalitesi \u00fczerinde kappa-kazein E allelerinin ise zararl\u0131 etkisi oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nbilinmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Dam\u0131zl\u0131k bo\u011fa tercihi yap\u0131l\u0131rken, mutlaka bo\u011fan\u0131n katalo\u011funda veya<br \/>\npedigrisinde yer alan s\u00fct proteini genlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131na, \u00f6zelikle de \u03b2-kazeine bak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u03b2-kazein A2 sahip bo\u011falar\u0131n spermas\u0131na \u00f6ncelik verilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f (Tip) \u00d6zelliklerinin \u0130rsiyet Derecesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ebeveynlerin tip \u00f6zelliklerinin yavrular\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, o tip \u00f6zelli\u011finin aktarma<br \/>\nderecesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aktar\u0131labilirlik de\u011feri y\u00fcksek olan bir karaktere ili\u015fkin genetik ilerleme<br \/>\nsa\u011flama s\u00fcresi (jenarasyon aral\u0131\u011f\u0131), d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck aktar\u0131labilirlik de\u011feri olan karaktere k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha<br \/>\nk\u0131sa olacakt\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00f6zelliklerinin aktar\u0131labilirli\u011fi \u00fczerinde ABD Holstein Birli\u011finin<br \/>\ntemel kabulleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Holstein Ebeveynlerin D\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00d6zelliklerini Yavrular\u0131na Aktarma Yetene\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4421\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/aktarma.jpg\" alt=\"aktarma\" width=\"498\" height=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<p>D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00f6zelliklerinde genetik iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda o \u00f6zelli\u011fin aktarma<br \/>\nderecesi dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir karakterin aktar\u0131labilirlik de\u011feri 0.10 veya alt\u0131nda ise bu<br \/>\n\u00f6zellik ile ilgili bir genetik ilerleme elde etmek zordur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin; yukar\u0131daki tabloda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi sa\u011fr\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011finin aktarma derecesi,<br \/>\nayak bacak \u00f6zelliklerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun anlam\u0131 \u015fudur; sa\u011fr\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, ayakbacak<br \/>\nsorunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede (jenerasyon aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) \u0131slah yoluyla iyile\u015ftirmesi<br \/>\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle anne hatt\u0131nda ayak bacak kusurlar\u0131 varsa gelecek<br \/>\nku\u015faklarda \u0131slah yoluyla d\u00fczeltmenin uzun zaman alaca\u011f\u0131 ba\u015ftan bilinmelidir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede;<br \/>\ntip \u00f6zelliklerine y\u00f6nelik olarak d\u00fczenlenecek \u0131slah programlar\u0131nda, iyile\u015ftirilmek istenen tip<br \/>\n\u00f6zelli\u011finin aktarma derecesi dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile program\u0131n s\u00fcresi ve bu program\u0131n genel karl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa<br \/>\nyapaca\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvanlar\u0131n tohumlanmas\u0131, tohumlamadan 30-40 sonra gebelik muayenesinin<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131, gebe kalmayanlar\u0131n tekrar tohumlanmas\u0131 konular\u0131 ile \u00fcreme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimi<br \/>\nprotokol\u00fcn\u00fcn haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131nda, i\u015fletme veteriner hekimi ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmal\u0131<\/p>\n<p><strong>Simental (fleckvieh) ve \u0130svi\u00e7re Esmeri Ebeveynlerin D\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f \u00d6zelliklerini<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Yavrular\u0131na Aktarma Yetene\u011fi (h\u00b2=100)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/aktarma2.jpg\" alt=\"aktarma2\" width=\"406\" height=\"536\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fum ve Do\u011fum B\u00f6lmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda gebelik s\u00fcresi yakla\u015f\u0131k 285 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edilir, ancak bu s\u00fcre ikizlilik<br \/>\nve babaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do\u011fum B\u00f6lmesi<\/strong>; Kay\u0131tlardan yararlanarak do\u011furmas\u0131na 5-7 g\u00fcn kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin<br \/>\nedilen hayvanlar; temiz, sesiz, sakin ve dezenfekte edilmi\u015f ve bol yatakl\u0131k serilmi\u015f 12-<br \/>\n16 m\u00b2\u2019lik do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesine al\u0131nmal\u0131, do\u011fuma kadar hayvana burada bak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r veya<br \/>\ndo\u011fumuna 21 g\u00fcn kala hayvanlar gruplar halinde geni\u015f ve temiz bir do\u011fum<br \/>\nb\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine al\u0131nabilir. Ba\u011fl\u0131 sistemlerde do\u011fumuna bir ay kalm\u0131\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n alt\u0131;<br \/>\nmutlaka kuru, temiz ve yumu\u015fakl\u0131k sa\u011flayan altl\u0131k malzemeleri (sap, saman, tala\u015f gibi)<br \/>\nile desteklenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesinin as\u0131l amac\u0131; buza\u011f\u0131lama s\u00fcrecindeki olas\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ve stresi<br \/>\nminimize etmesi ve i\u015fler ters gitti\u011finde h\u0131zla m\u00fcdahale imkan\u0131\/ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Alt\u0131<br \/>\nkolayca temizlenen, taze su ve kaliteli yemi bulunan, iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan, bak\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\ntaraf\u0131ndan rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6zlenebilecek bir konumda bulunan kuru, temiz ve bol altl\u0131kl\u0131 bir<br \/>\ndo\u011fum b\u00f6lmesi, buza\u011f\u0131larda ishal ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede hayati<br \/>\n\u00f6nemdedir. Yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada ah\u0131rda do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n, do\u011fum<br \/>\nb\u00f6lmesinde do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lardan yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kat\u0131 oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lamadan bir hafta \u00f6nce ine\u011fin v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 39 \u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fczerindedir.<br \/>\nDo\u011fumdan 24 saat \u00f6nce v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 0,5-1 \u00b0C d\u00fc\u015fer. Tahmini buza\u011f\u0131lama tarihinden bir<br \/>\nhafta \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak, g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00fczenli (hep ayn\u0131 zamanda) ate\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7mek,<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lama zaman\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesinde size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesi tecrit odas\u0131 de\u011fildir, mutlaka do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesine al\u0131nan hayvanlar<br \/>\ndi\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmeli, temas edebilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fum; \u0130neklerin % 97 si yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan do\u011fururlar. Normal do\u011fumun<br \/>\nilk a\u015famas\u0131nda yavruyu \u00e7evreleyen zarlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fturdu\u011fu su kesesi<br \/>\nvulvadan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Su kesesi ve\/veya ayaklar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckten sonraki 1 saat i\u00e7erisinde<br \/>\ndo\u011fum ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015fse do\u011fuma m\u00fcdahale edilmesi gerekir. Normal ko\u015fullarda<br \/>\ndo\u011fumun, birden fazla do\u011fum yapm\u0131\u015f ineklerde kar\u0131n sanc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 2-4<br \/>\nsaat, d\u00fcvelerde ise 8 saat sonra d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahale edilmeden tamamlanmas\u0131 beklenir.<br \/>\nD\u00fcvelerde neden buza\u011f\u0131lama kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 indeksi y\u00fcksek bo\u011falara ait sperma kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\ngerekti\u011finin cevab\u0131n\u0131, bu do\u011fum s\u00fcresi uzunlu\u011fu vermektedir. Normal ko\u015fullarda<br \/>\nd\u00fcvelerde kolay do\u011fum ihtimali % 92, g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum ihtimali ise % 8 kabul edilir. Do\u011fuma<br \/>\nerken ve gereksiz yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin, anne ve yavruda yaralanmalara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere<br \/>\nsebebiyet verebilece\u011fi ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fuma ba\u011fl\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri; buza\u011f\u0131da olu\u015fan travma ile<br \/>\nkan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve oksijen yetersizli\u011fidir. Do\u011fum sonras\u0131 solunum g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6steren<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n % 68\u2019inde do\u011fumu takip eden 96 saatte \u00f6l\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<br \/>\nDo\u011fum pado\u011funun geni\u015fli\u011fi ile kolay do\u011fum aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. Do\u011fum<br \/>\npado\u011fu ne kadar geni\u015f, bol altl\u0131kl\u0131 ve kuru ise do\u011fum o kadar kolay olur. D\u00fcvelere ve<br \/>\nineklere, ayr\u0131 bir do\u011fum pado\u011funda, sanc\u0131lanma, \u0131k\u0131nma i\u00e7in zaman tan\u0131mak, g\u00f6zlemek,<br \/>\nama gereksiz erken m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonra enerji i\u00e7eren g\u0131dalar (\u015feker\/pekmez\/bal, propilen<br \/>\nglikol\/gliserol vb) ile kaliteli taze ot, biraz kesif yem ve \u0131l\u0131k su verilmelidir. Zor do\u011fum<br \/>\nyapm\u0131\u015f ineklerin uterusunun (rahminin) d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede aya\u011fa<br \/>\nkalkmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130neklerde Lohusal\u0131k D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>; bir ine\u011fin do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 15 g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\nperiyoduna verilen isimdir. Bu d\u00f6nem, ineklerin gebelikte metabolizma ve genital<br \/>\nsisteminde olu\u015fan de\u011fi\u015fimlerin geriye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Lohusal\u0131kta hormon seviyeleri<br \/>\nve rahim boyutlar\u0131 gebelik \u00f6ncesi seviyelere geriler. Bu d\u00f6nemde inekler, azami \u00f6zen<br \/>\nister. Lohusal\u0131k d\u00f6nemindeki sorunlar; genel sa\u011fl\u0131k, verim ve d\u00f6l tutma \u00fczerinde birinci<br \/>\nderecede rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lohusa inekler, serbest yatakl\u0131, g\u00fcnde iki kez muayeneye imkan verecek \u015fekilde<br \/>\ntemiz bir padokta tutulmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yavru zarlar\u0131, normal \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda do\u011fumu takiben 2-12 saat i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\ngerekir. Do\u011fumdan 24 saat sonra sonunu (yavru zar\u0131) atmayan ineklerinizi zaman<br \/>\nkaybetmeden veteriner hekiminize bildiriniz. Yavru zarlar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 normal<br \/>\ndo\u011fumlarda % 8, g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fumlarda % 50\u2018lere \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Lohusa d\u00f6nemindeki ineklerin olas\u0131 problemlerini erken belirleyip bir an \u00f6nce<br \/>\ntedaviye ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in lohusa takip program\u0131 olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu program;<\/li>\n<li>Rektal v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015ftah ve yem se\u00e7imi,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ne\u011fin hareketleri ve duru\u015f pozisyonu,<\/li>\n<li>Somatik h\u00fccre skoru,<\/li>\n<li>Vulvadan ak\u0131nt\u0131 veya koku gelmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc,<\/li>\n<li>Kay\u0131t tutma,<\/li>\n<li>Gerekirse erken tedavi\/m\u00fcdahaleyi<br \/>\nkapsamal\u0131d\u0131r<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>BUZA\u011eI BAKIM VE BESLENMES\u0130<\/h3>\n<p>Teorik olarak, bir s\u00fct i\u015fletmesinin gelirinin % 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n buza\u011f\u0131dan, % 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n da s\u00fctten<br \/>\nelde edildi\u011fi genel kabul olsa da i\u015fletmenin s\u00fct geliri artt\u0131k\u00e7a buza\u011f\u0131 gelirinin toplam gelir<br \/>\ni\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan s\u00fct geliri azald\u0131k\u00e7a buza\u011f\u0131dan elde edilen gelir<br \/>\nartmakta, et\u00e7i dam\u0131zl\u0131k i\u015fletmelerinin ise tek gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nekonomik de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunurken, buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle birlikte bak\u0131m beslemeye ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\ngeli\u015fme gerili\u011finin do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7larla ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 ekonomik<br \/>\nkay\u0131plar, buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131 olup, iyi bir buza\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irmemi\u015f bir yeti\u015fkin<br \/>\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n; yemden yararlanma derecesi, g\u00fcnl\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, s\u00fct ve d\u00f6l verimlerinin istenilen<br \/>\nseviyede olmamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kay\u0131plar ise \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131; gebelikten \u00f6nceki anne sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u015flar, tohumlama, gebelik ve do\u011fum<br \/>\ns\u00fcreciyle devam eder. Bu s\u00fcrecin iyi y\u00f6netilmesi, buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hayata 1-0 \u00f6nde ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<br \/>\nBu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n ve annelerin stres ya\u015famamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tedbirler;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1- Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u011fum zaman\u0131 ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklarda-so\u011fuklarda veya i\u015fletmede i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn<br \/>\nfazla oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde do\u011fumlar\u0131n olmas\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131p riskini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcveler, ilk tohumlama i\u00e7in \u0131rka g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen, sa\u011fr\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve ya\u015f<br \/>\nkriterlerinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc de sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Erken veya ge\u00e7 ya\u015fta tohumlama risk te\u015fkil<br \/>\netmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcve tohumlamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak bo\u011falar\u0131n buza\u011f\u0131lama kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 indeksi y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r (m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse 110 puan \u00fcst\u00fc).<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fum yapacak hayvanlar \u00e7ok zay\u0131f veya \u00e7ok ya\u011fl\u0131 olmamal\u0131d\u0131r (VKS 3-3,5 olmal\u0131).<br \/>\nHayvan\u0131n ya\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fuma, zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 ise yetersiz canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ndo\u011fumuna sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2- Do\u011fum zaman\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesi geni\u015fli\u011fi ile kolay do\u011fum aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. Do\u011fum ortam\u0131 ne<br \/>\nkadar geni\u015f, bol altl\u0131kl\u0131 kuru ve temiz ise do\u011fum o kadar kolay olmakta, ayr\u0131ca ah\u0131rda<br \/>\ndo\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n, do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesinde do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lardan yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kat<br \/>\ndaha fazla oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fuma m\u00fcdahale; d\u00fcvelere ve ineklere, ayr\u0131 bir do\u011fum pado\u011funda, sanc\u0131lanma,<br \/>\n\u0131k\u0131nma i\u00e7in zaman tan\u0131mak, g\u00f6zlemek, ama gereksiz erken m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nSu kesesi ve\/veya ayaklar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckten sonraki 1 saat i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fum<br \/>\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015fse do\u011fuma m\u00fcdahale edilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Maalesef \u00fclkemizde, dam\u0131zl\u0131k bo\u011fa pedigrisini do\u011fru okuyarak baba aday\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mek,<br \/>\ntemiz, kuru ve yumu\u015fak altl\u0131kl\u0131 do\u011fum b\u00f6lmesi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile do\u011fuma m\u00fcdahale konular\u0131nda<br \/>\nsorunlar ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi ve do\u011fum zaman\u0131ndaki bu t\u00fcr<br \/>\nhatalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131larda, hastal\u0131klara yatk\u0131nl\u0131k ve geli\u015fme gerili\u011fi ile karakterize<br \/>\nzay\u0131f b\u00fcnyelilik ve kay\u0131plar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fum ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez yavrunun nefes al\u0131p almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir. A\u011f\u0131z ve<br \/>\nburnundaki m\u00fck\u00f6z (s\u00fcm\u00fcks\u00fc) kal\u0131nt\u0131 temizlenmelidir. Gerekirse solunumu uyarmak \u00fczere<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131; ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gelecek \u015fekilde salland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, ba\u015f b\u00f6lgesine so\u011fuk su uygulanmal\u0131 ve\/veya<br \/>\ndili birka\u00e7 kez hafif\u00e7e \u00e7ekilip b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fduktan sonra, 15 dakikai\u00e7inde buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendili\u011finden g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs \u00fczerinde oturma<br \/>\npozisyon almas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fumdan sonra inek yavrusunu yalayarak hem yavrunun kurumas\u0131na hem de<br \/>\ndola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. E\u011fer inek herhangi bir nedenle bu i\u015fi yapm\u0131yor<br \/>\nise buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine hafif tuz serpilerek yalamas\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmeli veya kuru bir bez<br \/>\nveya yatakl\u0131k sapla; buza\u011f\u0131 iyice silinerek, kurutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0G\u00f6bek kordonu dipten kopmam\u0131\u015f ise karn\u0131na en yak\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131mdan ba\u015flayarak kordon<br \/>\na\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru s\u0131vazlanmal\u0131 ve i\u00e7indeki s\u0131v\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra i\u00e7ine tent\u00fcrdiyot<br \/>\nak\u0131t\u0131lan g\u00f6bek kordonu, kar\u0131na 4-5 cm uzakl\u0131ktan antisepti\u011fe bat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir iple<br \/>\nba\u011flanmal\u0131 ve ba\u011flanan noktan\u0131n 3-4 cm alt\u0131ndan temiz bir makasla kesilmelidir. G\u00f6bek<br \/>\nkordonu b\u00f6lgesine, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca g\u00fcnde iki kez tent\u00fcrdiyot s\u00fcr\u00fclmeli veya g\u00f6bek<br \/>\nkordonu tent\u00fcrdiyot sol\u00fcsyonuna dald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (navel dipping).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonra enerji i\u00e7eren g\u0131dalar; \u015feker\/pekmez\/bal, propilen glikol\/gliserol<br \/>\nayr\u0131ca kaliteli taze ot, biraz kesif yem ve \u0131l\u0131k su verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Normal bir buza\u011f\u0131 do\u011fumundan yar\u0131m saat sonra aya\u011fa kalkar ve bir saat i\u00e7erisinde<br \/>\nannesini emmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131 emmeden \u00f6nce, anas\u0131n\u0131n meme ba\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi \u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\nsabunlu suyla y\u0131kan\u0131p, temiz kuru bir bezle iyice kurulanmal\u0131 ve en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede<br \/>\nemzirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0E\u011fer yavru annesini emerse ine\u011fin sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda devaml\u0131 yavrunun emmesini<br \/>\nisteyece\u011finden sa\u011f\u0131m zorla\u015f\u0131r ve verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fekillenebilir. Ayr\u0131ca memeden emen<br \/>\nyavrunun ne kadar kolostrum\/s\u00fct i\u00e7ti\u011fi de bilinemez. Bu nedenle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse buza\u011f\u0131lara<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fc sa\u011f\u0131larak, mutlaka v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131nda (38 \u00baC) so\u011futmadan verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Kolostrum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fuma yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f hafta kala meme bezinde ba\u015flayan kolostrum salg\u0131lama, gebeli\u011fin<br \/>\nson iki haftas\u0131nda maksimum seviye ula\u015f\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011funda ise aniden durur.<br \/>\nKolostrum, do\u011fumla beraber memeden sa\u011f\u0131lan son derece komplike bir salg\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nKolostrum (a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fc), normal s\u00fcte g\u00f6re 2 kat\u0131 kuru madde, 3 kat\u0131 mineral ve 5 kat\u0131<br \/>\nprotein i\u00e7erdi\u011fi gibi y\u00fcksek oranda; buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n acil ihtiyac\u0131 olan vitaminler, enerji,<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6rleri, hormonlar ve hastal\u0131klardan korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131m eden ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k<br \/>\nmaddelerine (IgG) sahiptir. Sa\u011f\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a bu de\u011ferler \u00e7ok h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<br \/>\nKaliteli kolostrum, buza\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tek sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fam iksiridir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nekler, kolostrumunda sadece kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu maddeleri<br \/>\nbar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle ba\u015fka \u00e7iftliklerden gelenlerle, i\u015fletmedeki gen\u00e7 inekler;<br \/>\ni\u015fletmeye \u00f6zg\u00fc muhtemel hastal\u0131k etmenlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yeterli miktarda antikor (IgG)<br \/>\nolu\u015fturamayabilece\u011finden, yeni do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lar ilk 24 saat boyunca olgun ineklerden<br \/>\n(2 ve \u00fczeri do\u011fum yapm\u0131\u015f) al\u0131nacak kaliteli kolostrumla (50g\/lt \u02c2 IgG) beslenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131vams\u0131z, ak\u0131\u015fkan ve a\u00e7\u0131k renkli kolostrum antikor ve besin maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde fakir<br \/>\nolaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni do\u011fan yavruyu hastal\u0131klardan yeterince korumayacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle IgG<br \/>\nyo\u011funlu\u011fu 50 g\/L alt\u0131nda olan kolostrumlar buza\u011f\u0131ya ilk 24 saate de\u011fil 2-4. g\u00fcnlerde g\u0131da<br \/>\nolarak verilmelidir<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kolostrumun \u0130mm\u00fcnoglobulin (IgG) Konsantrasyonuna G\u00f6re Derecelendirilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00fclkemizde buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin kabul edilebilir de\u011ferlerin<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k iki kat\u0131 (%10) oldu\u011fu ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sorunun ana sebeplerinden<br \/>\nbiri altl\u0131k, di\u011feri de buza\u011f\u0131ya zaman\u0131nda yeterli miktarda kaliteli kolostrumun verilmemesidir.<br \/>\nKaliteli kolostrum; buza\u011f\u0131larda, do\u011fum sonras\u0131 stresi ile hastal\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nazalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fcme\/geli\u015fim hatta yeti\u015fkinlik d\u00f6neminde verim performanslar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyde tutulmas\u0131nda, yegane g\u00fcvencedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kolostrumun kalitesi ve\/veya miktar\u0131 \u00fczerine etki eden anaya ba\u011fl\u0131 fakt\u00f6rler<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvan refah\u0131; strese maruz kalmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Kuruda kalma s\u00fcresi; sa\u011fmal ineklerin kuruda yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 g\u00fcnden az veya 70<br \/>\ng\u00fcnden fazla kalmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Mevsim; gebeli\u011fin son d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle de d\u00fcvelerde IgG seviyesini % 20<br \/>\noran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olan s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresi,<\/li>\n<li>Kolostrum ne kadar koyu renkli ve yo\u011fun-krema k\u0131vam\u0131nda ise o kadar<br \/>\nkalitelidir. A\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kalitesi g\u00f6zle anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Ancak i\u015fletmelerin kolostrumun<br \/>\nkalitesini belirleyen kolostrometreye sahip olmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu ama\u00e7la a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k d\u00fczeyini belirlemede dansimetre veya Brix<br \/>\nrefraktometresi (%0-32) kullan\u0131labilir. Brix de\u011feri (yo\u011funlu\u011fu) % 22(50 mg\/ml) veya oda<br \/>\n\u0131s\u0131s\u0131nda dansimetre yo\u011funlu\u011fu 1050 ve \u00fczeri kolostrumlar kaliteli olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Bak\u0131m ve besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131; havas\u0131z, karanl\u0131k, hareketsiz ve kirli ortamlar,<br \/>\na\u00e7l\u0131k, yetersiz ve\/veya dengesiz rasyonlar, ba\u015fta selenyum ve E vitamini olmak \u00fczere<br \/>\nimmun fonksiyona d\u00e2hil olan di\u011fer iz mineral ve vitamin eksiklikleri,<\/li>\n<li>Yine kuru madde esas\u0131na g\u00f6re rasyondaki ham protein i\u00e7eri\u011finin % 9\u2019un alt\u0131ndaolmas\u0131,<br \/>\nkolostrumun IgG konsantrasyonunu etkilememekle beraber, IgG\u2019nin buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131ndan emilimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Bu nedenle \u00f6zellikle gebeli\u011fin son iki ay\u0131nda,<br \/>\nham protein de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck saman ve kalitesiz kaba yeme dayal\u0131 beslemeden<br \/>\nka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mastitis ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar; klinik mastitis ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok patojenik hastal\u0131k<br \/>\netkeni, kolostrumun miktar\u0131n\u0131 ve kalitesini olumsuz etkiledi\u011fi gibi kolostrumla da<br \/>\nyavruya ge\u00e7mektedir. Meme \u00f6demi ve subklinik mastitis de kolostrumun IgG<br \/>\nyo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015ferken, \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 da azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler; erken veya g\u00fc\u00e7 buza\u011f\u0131lama, do\u011fumdan \u00f6nce sa\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 veya<br \/>\nmemede s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131, ilk do\u011fum veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, VKS\u2019nun 2,5 dan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck veya 3,5\u2019dan y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nolmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yukarda say\u0131lan olumsuz fakt\u00f6rler ine\u011fin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kolostrumun miktar\u0131n\u0131 ve<br \/>\nkalitesini s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Genel olarak Holsteinlerin di\u011fer s\u00fct \u0131rklar\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kolostral IgG<br \/>\nkonsantrasyonuna sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ancak ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131<br \/>\nsurvey \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, \u0131rk ve meme bezi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn IgG konsantrasyonu \u00fczerinde bir<br \/>\netkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nek veya d\u00fcvelerde y\u00fcksek proteinli rasyonla beslemenin, kolostrum IgG<br \/>\nkonsantrasyonuna veya miktar\u0131na etkisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nekler kuru d\u00f6nem ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, her d\u00f6nemde sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde<br \/>\ntutacak tarzda eksiksiz bak\u0131m ve beslenmesi esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130lk kez buza\u011f\u0131layanlardaki (d\u00fcve) kolostrum miktar\u0131 ve IgG konsantrasyonu<br \/>\nbirden fazla do\u011fum yapan ineklerden ortalamas\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ancak bir\u00e7ok d\u00fcve<br \/>\n\u00e7ok iyi kalitede kolostrum \u00fcretebilir. Bu nedenle d\u00fcvelerden buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonraki 2<br \/>\nsaat i\u00e7erisinde toplanan kolostrumu otomatik olarak atmak yerine, ineklerde ki gibi test<br \/>\nedilmeli y\u00fcksek kalitede ise kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0IgG d\u00fczeyi \u02c350 gr\/L olsa bile, kuru d\u00f6nem a\u015f\u0131lamalar\u0131na uygun yan\u0131t\u0131n verilmesi<br \/>\nve spesifik antikorlar\u0131n kolostruma transferi i\u00e7in yeterli s\u00fcre bulunmayanlarla, kuruda<br \/>\nkalma s\u00fcresi 21 g\u00fcnden k\u0131sa s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ineklerden elde edilen kolostrumla ilk g\u00fcn besleme<br \/>\nyap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lama \u00f6ncesi sa\u011f\u0131m veya tekrarlayan \u015fekilde memeden kolostral<br \/>\ns\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131\/ka\u00e7ak ger\u00e7ekle\u015firse, s\u00fct \u00fcretiminin erken ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r ve buza\u011f\u0131lama<br \/>\nan\u0131ndaki salg\u0131lar, kolostrumdan ziyade normal s\u00fcte benzer. Buza\u011f\u0131lar, do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ciddi \u00f6deme ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak) veya s\u00fct ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu fark edilen<br \/>\nineklerden elde edilen kolostrumla ilk g\u00fcn beslenmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hasta ve klinik mastitli ineklerin, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, parat\u00fcberk\u00f6loz, brucelloz gibi<br \/>\nkronik hastal\u0131klarla enfekte olanlar, buza\u011f\u0131lama \u00f6ncesi beslenme yetersizli\u011fi, ciddi<br \/>\noranda parazite maruz kalma veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131lama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015fayan ineklerin<br \/>\nkolostrumu buza\u011f\u0131 beslenmesinde kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Salmonella ve fekal koliformlar gibi patojenler; sa\u011f\u0131m, paketlenme ve depolama<br \/>\ns\u00fcresince kolostrumu kontamine edebilir, diyare\/ishal ve septisemi gibi hastal\u0131klara<br \/>\nneden olabilirler. \u00c7e\u015fitli viral hastal\u0131klar, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, parat\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, brucelloz,<\/li>\n<li>Salmonella ve Mycoplasma t\u00fcrleri enfekte ineklerden kolostrumla buza\u011f\u0131lara do\u011frudan<br \/>\nge\u00e7ebilir, bu etkenlerle enfekte oldu\u011fu bilinen hayvanlardan elde edilen kolostrum<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n beslenmesinde kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu patojenlerin s\u00fcr\u00fcde yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nelimine etmek i\u00e7in, kolostrum yerine ge\u00e7en \u00fcr\u00fcnler veya past\u00f6rize kolostrumla besleme<br \/>\nd\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli se\u00e7eneklere ba\u015fvurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Kolostrumun Muhafazas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kullan\u0131lmayan kaliteli kolostrum buzdolab\u0131nda saklanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kolostrum 24<br \/>\nsaatte kadar 4 0C buzdolab\u0131nda bekletilebilir. Kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in yass\u0131 bir kapta<br \/>\n1-2 kg\u2019l\u0131k porsiyonlar halinde derin dondurucuda (-18 \u00baC) antikor seviyesini<br \/>\nkaybetmeden 1 y\u0131la kadar saklanabilir. Porsiyonlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde ine\u011fin kulak no\u2019su, sa\u011f\u0131m<br \/>\ntarihi ve yo\u011funluk de\u011feri (kalite derecesi) yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Derin dondurucu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ns\u00fcrekli kontrol edilmeli, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kolostrumlar kesinlikle tekrardan<br \/>\ndondurulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131saca kaliteli kolostrum y\u00f6netimi; Do\u011fum \u00d6ncesi (prepartum), Sa\u011f\u0131m, Depolama<br \/>\nve Besleme olmak \u00fczere 4 a\u015famay\u0131 i\u00e7irmelidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kolostrumu buza\u011f\u0131ya vermede ni\u00e7in acele etmeliyiz?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lar hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 yok denecek kadar zay\u0131f ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kla ve \u00e7ok a\u00e7 bir<br \/>\n\u015fekilde d\u00fcnyaya gelmektedir. Buza\u011f\u0131lar do\u011far do\u011fmaz strese maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131k<br \/>\nyap\u0131c\u0131 etmenlere kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z oldu\u011fundan, acilen kaliteli kolostruma ihtiya\u00e7<br \/>\nduyarlar. \u00d6te yandan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k maddelerinin (IgG) ba\u011f\u0131rsaktan etkin bir \u015fekilde<br \/>\nemilerek kana kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca do\u011fum sonras\u0131ndaki ilk birka\u00e7 saat i\u00e7inde<br \/>\nger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmektedir. Do\u011fumun \u00fcst\u00fcnden zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e IgG\u2019nin kolostrumdaki<br \/>\nkonsantrasyonu ve buza\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131ndan emilimi h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fmekte, 24. saatin sonunda ise<br \/>\nemilim % 0\u2019lara kadar d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaliteli kolostrum i\u00e7erdi\u011fi y\u00fcksek oranda magnezyum sayesinde; buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n<br \/>\nsindirim sisteminin uyar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve de ana karn\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde ba\u011f\u0131rsaklarda biriken at\u0131k<br \/>\nmaddelerin (mekonyum) d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131nda birinci derecede etkili olmaktad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131z<br \/>\ns\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn verili\u015fi gecikti\u011fi zaman ba\u011f\u0131rsaklarda \u00fcreyen hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine emilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Kolostrum ba\u011f\u0131rsak \u00e7eperini bir film gibi kaplayarak, patojen<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar\u0131n emilimini \u00f6nlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lamadan sonra ilk sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n\/emzirmenin geciktirilmesi, do\u011fumla beraber<br \/>\ns\u00fct \u00fcretiminin ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle kolostrum seyrelerek IgG ve besin madde<br \/>\nkonsantrasyonun (protein, mineral madde ve vitamin) d\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\ndurumda buza\u011f\u0131, yeteri miktarda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k madde (100 gr IgG) ve besin al\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in daha<br \/>\nfazla kolostruma ihtiya\u00e7 duyacakt\u0131r. Bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fcnde canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 6\u2019dan fazla<br \/>\nkolostrum verilmesi de ishale yol a\u00e7abilece\u011finden sorun daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buza\u011f\u0131 Besleme Program\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4423\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/buzagi.jpg\" alt=\"buzagi\" width=\"460\" height=\"691\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme ve s\u00fcratli canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in buza\u011f\u0131da i\u015fkembenin bir an \u00f6nce geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir. \u0130lk 3<br \/>\ng\u00fcnde (72 saat) a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fc ile beslenmesinden sonra buza\u011f\u0131larda 4. G\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak 2.<br \/>\nAy\u0131n sonunda i\u015fkembenin geli\u015fimi tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131larda i\u015fkembenin geli\u015fimi;<br \/>\npapilla ve kas geli\u015fimi olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6nden ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0130\u015fkembede papilla geli\u015fimi: Papillalar; i\u015fkembe i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinde yer alan<br \/>\nparmak benzeri yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 5 mm uzunlu\u011funda ve 3 mm geni\u015fli\u011finde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lard\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u0130\u015fkembenin y\u00fczeyini art\u0131ran papillalar\u0131n g\u00f6revi i\u015fkembe i\u00e7erisinde mikroorganizmalar<br \/>\nvas\u0131tas\u0131yla sindirilen besin maddelerini emerek kana vermektir.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni do\u011fmu\u015f buza\u011f\u0131larda i\u015fkembe geli\u015fiminde \u00f6ncelik papilla geli\u015fmesine<br \/>\nverilmelidir. Buza\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yeminin buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7 konulmas\u0131 i\u015fkembe<br \/>\ngeli\u015fimini aksat\u0131r. S\u00fct, \u00e7ok kaliteli bir besin maddesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u015fkembe geli\u015fimi<br \/>\n\u00fczerine bir etkisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc buza\u011f\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u00e7ilen s\u00fct i\u015fkembeye<br \/>\nu\u011framadan do\u011frudan \u015firdene g\u00f6nderilmektedir. Bu nedenle buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n gere\u011finden<br \/>\nfazla s\u00fct i\u00e7irerek tokluk hissinden dolay\u0131 kuru yemlere olan ilgisi azalt\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ok ince \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tah\u0131llar ve toz yemler buza\u011f\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan isteksizce<br \/>\nt\u00fcketildi\u011fi gibi t\u00fcketim esnas\u0131nda solunum yoluna ka\u00e7arak \u00f6ks\u00fcrmelere neden<br \/>\nolmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca toz haline getirilmi\u015f tah\u0131llar, k\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f iri taneli tah\u0131llar kadar<br \/>\nPapila geli\u015fimini sa\u011flayamamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedene toz halindeki buza\u011f\u0131 yemlerinden<br \/>\nka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yem t\u00fcketmekte isteksiz olan buza\u011f\u0131lara, al\u0131\u015fana kadar g\u00fcnde birka\u00e7<br \/>\ndefa bir avu\u00e7 yemin a\u011f\u0131za elle konulmas\u0131 yararl\u0131 olabilir.<br \/>\n2. \u0130\u015fkembede kassal geli\u015fme; \u0130\u015fkembede bir miktar papilla geli\u015fmesi<br \/>\nsa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra s\u0131ra i\u015fkembe kaslar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine<br \/>\nge\u00e7ilmelidir. Kaba yemler; fiziksel yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131larda i\u015fkembe kaslar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\ngeli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine en etkili yem maddeleridir. Bu ama\u00e7la kaliteli kuru ot veya kuru yonca<br \/>\notu buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00fc\u00e7 haftadan sonra t\u00fcketebildi\u011fi kadar (serbest) sunulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nS\u00fct\u00fcn yan\u0131nda sadece buza\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yemi ya da kesif yem t\u00fcketen<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131larda; do\u011fumu takip eden 5-6 haftadan itibaren rumende asidoz tarz\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m<br \/>\nsindirim sistemi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Baz\u0131 yeti\u015ftiriciler, buza\u011f\u0131lara 21. G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015ftan sonra verilmesi gereken kuru<br \/>\nyoncay\u0131, ishale yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle 5-6 haftal\u0131k ya\u015ftan sonra vermektedirler. Oysa<br \/>\nishale yol a\u00e7an, erken d\u00f6nemde bi\u00e7ilen yoncada bulunan y\u00fcksek orandaki oksalik asittir.<br \/>\nBu nedenle kaba yem olarak buza\u011f\u0131lara verilecek yonca; 1\/10 oran\u0131nda \u00e7i\u00e7eklendi\u011finde<br \/>\nbi\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar buza\u011f\u0131larda kaba yem kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak, yoncadan ziyade,<br \/>\n\u00e7ay\u0131r, yulaf, arpa, bu\u011fday kuru otunun daha iyi i\u015fkembe geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<br \/>\nCanl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 1 kadar kesif yem (tah\u0131l ezmesi, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yemi) t\u00fcketen<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n daha uzun s\u00fcreyle s\u00fctle beslenmesi i\u015fkembe geli\u015fimini bozaca\u011f\u0131ndan<br \/>\ntavsiye edilmez. Ancak geli\u015fme gerili\u011fi olan veya yeterince kesif yem t\u00fcketmeyen<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lara s\u00fct i\u00e7irmeye devam edilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>2 aydan sonra buza\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yemi yerine bir al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma program\u0131 dahilinde<br \/>\ndaha ekonomik olan buza\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctme yemine ge\u00e7ilmelidir. Y\u00fcksek rutubet oran\u0131 kuru<br \/>\nmadde t\u00fcketimini s\u0131n\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse 3 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftan \u00f6nce silaj yemlemesi ve<br \/>\notlatma yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fkembe i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok yer kaplayan saman\u0131n, kesif yem<br \/>\nt\u00fcketimini s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak buza\u011f\u0131larda geli\u015fme gerili\u011fine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buza\u011f\u0131 Bar\u0131naklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131 Bar\u0131naklar\u0131nda Havaland\u0131rma;<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n, iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan, ancak hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\/cereyan\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ( &lt;2 m\/sn),<br \/>\ntemiz ve kuru bir yata\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011fu ortama ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. Enfeksiyonlar buza\u011f\u0131lar<br \/>\naras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla hava yoluyla yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle enfeksiyona neden olan<br \/>\norganizmalar\u0131n uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in iyi bir havaland\u0131rman\u0131n olmas\u0131 hayati<br \/>\n\u00f6neme sahiptir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda iyi havaland\u0131rma, nem oran\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 engelleyerek de<br \/>\nvir\u00fcs\/bakterilerin canl\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecektir.<br \/>\nBuza\u011f\u0131lar tek tek veya gruplar halinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131labilirler. Her bir grupta 12\u2019den<br \/>\nfazla buza\u011f\u0131 olmamas\u0131 tavsiye edilmektedir, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar oldu\u011funda hasta buza\u011f\u0131lar<br \/>\nkolayl\u0131kla tespit ve tedavi edilebilir. Ayn\u0131 hava sahas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan 30\u2019dan fazla buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nolmamal\u0131 ve buza\u011f\u0131lar daha ya\u015fl\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarla ayn\u0131 sahay\u0131 payla\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Her bir buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ndo\u011fdu\u011funda minimum 6 m3 , 2 ayl\u0131kta 10 m3\u2019e, 6-7 ayl\u0131kta en az 15 m3temiz hava<br \/>\nsahas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r. Solunum sistemi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip bir buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nakci\u011ferlerinden, atmosfere milyonlarca bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 mikroorganizmay\u0131 sa\u00e7abilir. Tek bir<br \/>\nhava sahas\u0131ndaki buza\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a hastal\u0131k riski de artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bar\u0131nak ortam\u0131nda uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmayan toz ve gaz, do\u011fumdan laktasyon\/kesime<br \/>\nkadar uzayan s\u00fcre\u00e7te buza\u011f\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine olumsuz etkiler<br \/>\nyapmaktad\u0131r. Toz, bir taraftan solunum yolu mukoz membranlar\u0131 irrite ederken, di\u011fer<br \/>\ntaraftan akci\u011ferlere kal\u0131c\u0131 hasar verir ve mikroorganizmalar\u0131n geli\u015fimini destekler. 25<br \/>\nppm d\u00fczeyindeki amonyak, mukoz membranlar\u0131 irrite ederek hayvan\u0131 solunum sistemi<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z hale getirebilmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ya\u015fam\u0131n ilk 4 ay\u0131nda<br \/>\namonyak d\u00fczeylerinin ilk buza\u011f\u0131lama ya\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine ciddi etkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<br \/>\nKarbondioksit 3000 ppm \u00fczerindeki seviyelerde zehirli olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen daha az<br \/>\noksijen varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hayvanlar\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemektedir.<br \/>\nYine yerdeki sulu d\u0131\u015fk\u0131-\u00e7amur birikintilerinin koku\u015fmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr<br \/>\nhayvanlar i\u00e7in son derece toksik bir gazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sadece hava sahas\u0131 de\u011fil, bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde belirli bir zamanda yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren<br \/>\nhava miktar\u0131 olan havaland\u0131rma oran\u0131 da kritiktir. Ama\u00e7, bar\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde k\u0131\u015f\u0131n saatte<br \/>\nen az 10 kez, yaz\u0131n ise saatte 60 kez hava de\u011fi\u015fiminin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ama\u00e7 i\u00e7eriye<br \/>\ntemiz\/taze havay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. ABD de yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, buza\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndaki<br \/>\ny\u00fcksek nem ve buza\u011f\u0131lardaki y\u00fcksek kirlilik skorunun, ilk buza\u011f\u0131lamada gecikmeye<br \/>\nneden oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu durum, muhtemelen besi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131nda da g\u00fcnl\u00fck<br \/>\ncanl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yava\u015flamaya yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n bar\u0131naklar\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir. Buza\u011f\u0131lara do\u011fumdan hemen<br \/>\nsonra ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecekleri bar\u0131nak ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nama\u00e7la;<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar g\u00fcnde en az 18 saat yatarlar, bu nedenle dinlenmek i\u00e7in temiz bir hava<br \/>\nile iyi bir yatak (temiz, kuru ve yumu\u015fak) olmazsa olmazd\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zelikle ilk iki hafta buza\u011f\u0131lar, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan korunacaklar\u0131 bir g\u00f6lgelik<br \/>\nalanda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011frudan gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, buza\u011f\u0131larda hipertermi\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\ns\u00fct\/yem t\u00fcketiminde azalmalara hata \u00f6l\u00fcmlere sebep olabilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130neklerin bulundu\u011fu ortamda \u00e7o\u011falma imkan\u0131 bulan zararl\u0131 mikroorganizmalar<br \/>\nve parazitlerin buza\u011f\u0131lara bula\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in buza\u011f\u0131lar do\u011far do\u011fmaz, kesinlikle yeti\u015fkin<br \/>\nhayvanlardan ayr\u0131 kontroll\u00fc bir ortamda 8 hafta s\u00fcreyle bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131naklar\u0131; hakim r\u00fczgarlara kar\u015f\u0131 korunakl\u0131, temiz, havadar, kuru ve<br \/>\nayd\u0131nl\u0131k olmal\u0131, buza\u011f\u0131lar kesinlikle hava cereyan\u0131nda (hava koridoruna sokulan elin<br \/>\n\u00fczerinde hava ak\u0131m\u0131 belirginse, ortamda hava cereyan\u0131 vard\u0131r) kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nkul\u00fcbeleri\/b\u00f6lmeleri, yaz ve k\u0131\u015f mevsim ko\u015fullar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak gerekirse<br \/>\nhareketli\/portatif tente ve \u00e7at\u0131 sistemleriyle iklimlendirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Nem; ortam\u0131n havas\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na ve buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n \u0131slanmas\u0131na neden<br \/>\nolaca\u011f\u0131ndan, bar\u0131naklar\u0131ndaki oran\u0131n\u0131n % 75\u2019in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na izin verilmemelidir.<br \/>\n\u0130yi drenaj ve havaland\u0131rma ile ortamdaki nemin y\u00fckselmesi \u00f6nlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4424\" src=\"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/tablo.jpg\" alt=\"tablo\" width=\"589\" height=\"326\" \/><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; hayvan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131, v\u00fccut kondisyonu, rasyon yap\u0131s\u0131, deri kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<br \/>\nt\u00fcy \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uzunlu\u011fu yan\u0131nda hava ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, r\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 ve nispi<\/p>\n<p>nem gibi fakt\u00f6rler etkilemektedir. Yeni do\u011fan bir buza\u011f\u0131, ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmemesi i\u00e7in ortam<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 en az 7 \u00baC olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir ayl\u0131k bir buza\u011f\u0131, donma noktas\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki<br \/>\ns\u0131cakl\u0131klara \u0131slak kalmamak ko\u015fuluyla rahatl\u0131kla dayanabilir. Ancak yine de buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n<br \/>\nv\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131\/d\u00fc\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in dondurucu so\u011fuklardan uzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki tabloda belirtilen turuncu s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda; buza\u011f\u0131 v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nkorunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mutlaka tedbir al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. So\u011fuk havalarda; kullan\u0131lan altl\u0131k miktar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nart\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, battaniye veya \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ampul\u00fc kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, bar\u0131nakta<br \/>\n\u0131s\u0131 izolasyonun sa\u011flanmas\u0131, s\u0131cak havalarda ise g\u00f6lgelik olu\u015fturma, fan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, so\u011fuk<br \/>\nyerlere alma, buza\u011f\u0131lara taze so\u011fuk su sunma gibi ek tedbirlerle buza\u011f\u0131lar mutlaka<br \/>\ndesteklenmelidir. Buza\u011f\u0131lar ya\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re termometrenin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecelerini<br \/>\ng\u00f6sterdi\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk veya s\u0131cak ortamlarda ise asla tutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10 \u00b0C alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n ek enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 minimize<br \/>\netmek i\u00e7in battaniye kullanmak iyi bir fikirdir. Buza\u011f\u0131 battaniyesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla ilk<br \/>\nd\u00f6rt haftada ortalama canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck + 90 gr\u2019l\u0131k fark yarat\u0131labilir.<br \/>\nBuza\u011f\u0131lar \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10\u00b0C alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ekstra enerjiye, 26\u00b0C \u00fczerine<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ekstra suya gereksinim duyarlar.<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131lar birlikte ya\u015famaya al\u0131\u015fabilmeleri i\u00e7in s\u00fct emme d\u00f6neminden (8 hafta)<br \/>\nsonra (zorunlu durumlarda en erken 21 g\u00fcnde) 3-5 buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulundurulabilece\u011fi grup<br \/>\nb\u00f6lmesine (padok\/iglo kul\u00fcbe) al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. 4 ayl\u0131k ya\u015ftaki buza\u011f\u0131lar ise 6-12\u2019lik<br \/>\ngruplar halinde yeti\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>8 haftal\u0131k ya\u015ftan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck buza\u011f\u0131lar, veteriner hekimin ayr\u0131 tutulmas\u0131na<br \/>\nili\u015fkin bir tavsiyesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece sosyalle\u015fmelerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in grup olarak<br \/>\nbar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Birbirine biti\u015fik b\u00f6lmeler buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rsel veya dokunsal temas\u0131na izin<br \/>\nvermelidir. Bu nedenle padog b\u00f6lmeleri, buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerini g\u00f6rmesine ve<br \/>\ndokunmas\u0131na izin verecek, fakat birbirlerini ememeyecekleri \u015fekilde delinmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Her bir buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbesi; buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok rahatl\u0131kla hareket edebilece\u011fi<br \/>\ntemiz hava alabilece\u011fi ve dola\u015fabilece\u011fi bir d\u0131\u015f alana sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130deal bir buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbesinin eni 100-120 cm, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 85-90 cm, boyu 2,70-<br \/>\n3,30 cm olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Buza\u011f\u0131 refah\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbesi alan\u0131; en az 1,5 m\u00b2 ve<br \/>\ngezinme yeri; 1,5-1,8 m\u00b2 ).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbeleri; aralar\u0131nda en az 60 cm\u2019lik mesafe b\u0131rak\u0131larak<br \/>\nyerle\u015ftirilmelidir. Her b\u00fcy\u00fctme d\u00f6nemden sonra buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbesi temizli\u011fi ve<br \/>\ndezenfeksiyonu yap\u0131larak, temiz yeni bir zemine al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Altl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemizde b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi<br \/>\nmaalesef yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada,<br \/>\ns\u00fct i\u015flemelerindeki ineklerin v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n % 70 oran\u0131nda kabul edilemez d\u00fczeyde kirli oldu\u011fu<br \/>\ng\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131; zeminde temizlik, kuruluk ve yumu\u015fakl\u0131k sa\u011flamas\u0131yla,<br \/>\nhayvan\u0131n dinlenmesini, v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131, sindirim, solunum, ayak, meme ve \u00fcreme<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klardan korunmas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n anahtar\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131, hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\nenfeksiy\u00f6z ajanlar (bakteri, vir\u00fcs, mantar ve parazitler) ile ortamda koku\u015fmaya (hirojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr<br \/>\ngibi gazlar) sebep olan bakteri ve mantarlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyerek, bar\u0131nakta sa\u011fl\u0131k<br \/>\ng\u00fcvencesi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Son olarak da gen\u00e7 ve ileri gebe hayvanlarda v\u00fccut direncinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<br \/>\nolmas\u0131 nedeniyle altl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Unutmay\u0131n \u201c<em>Altl\u0131k sat\u0131n<\/em><br \/>\n<em>al\u0131nabilecek en ucuz ve en etkili ila\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/em>&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbeleri; drenaj\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc olan, \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131ran beton, tahta, kau\u00e7uk<br \/>\nzeminlere yerle\u015ftirilmemelidir. Buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0131slak olmas\u0131 veya \u0131slak zeminde kalmas\u0131<br \/>\nso\u011fuk havalarda v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in asla istenmeyen bir durumdur<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>E\u011fer toprak ge\u00e7irgen de\u011fil ise buza\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lmelerin alt\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 cm<br \/>\nkal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kum serilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Zeminden y\u00fckse\u011fe yerle\u015ftirilen ve at\u0131klar i\u00e7in zemininde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya<br \/>\nda delikler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kul\u00fcbeler\/b\u00f6lmelerde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n; hava yoluyla daha<br \/>\nfazla fekal\/d\u0131\u015fk\u0131sal patojenlere ve hava cereyan\u0131na maruz kalabilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u201cAltl\u0131k sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilecek en ucuz ve en etkili ila\u00e7t\u0131r.&#8221; Altl\u0131k olarak kullan\u0131lacak<br \/>\ntah\u0131l saplar\u0131, kuru, temiz ve so\u011fuk havalarda buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n<br \/>\nyuva kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak uzunlukta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kum ve sentetik altl\u0131klar buza\u011f\u0131y\u0131<br \/>\nso\u011fuktan korumaz.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn f\u0131kara k\u00f6y evlerinde buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n yeri, ocakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131na, yatak serilen yerin<br \/>\nbiti\u015fi\u011fine yap\u0131l\u0131r. Buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n alt\u0131na \u00e7i\u00e7ekli bahar otlar\u0131 serilir. Ev bahar \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, ot,<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131 pisli\u011fi ve buza\u011f\u0131 kokar. Buza\u011f\u0131 kokusu, s\u00fct kokusu gibi bir \u015feydir.\u201d ( Ya\u015far<br \/>\nKemal \u0130nce Memed-1 Roman\u0131 (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 6-Sayfa 54).) K\u00f6y evlerinde 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda<br \/>\nromanlara konu olacak kadar buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n altl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen bu \u00f6zene, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerinde maalesef nadiren rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Tah\u0131l saplar\u0131n\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 ve temini, y\u0131ldan y\u0131la de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilir. Baz\u0131 y\u0131llar<br \/>\nciddi bir soruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fse bile buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131ndan ve temizli\u011finden taviz vermenin \u00e7ok<br \/>\ndaha ciddi maliyetleri olabilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Buza\u011f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 kg altl\u0131k konulmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck 1-1,5 kg\u2019\u0131 temiz ve kuru<br \/>\naltl\u0131kla yenilenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Zararl\u0131 mikroorganizmalar kuru zeminde \u00e7o\u011falma imkan\u0131 bulamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan<br \/>\nortamda \u0131slakl\u0131\u011fa ve amonyak birikimine asla izin verilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n grup halinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lmelerde, yataklar\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn<br \/>\noldu\u011funca kuru tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in gerekirse t\u00fcm zemine altl\u0131k serilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu\u011fday-arpa sap\u0131, kaba veya toz tala\u015f kadar etrafa savrulmaz. Ancak kaba veya<br \/>\ntoz tala\u015f; daha emici ve daha iyi sinek kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flar. Son y\u0131llarda so\u011fuk olmayan<br \/>\nmevsimlerde kum ve al\u00e7\u0131 buza\u011f\u0131 altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullanan i\u015fletmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kurutulmu\u015f hayvan g\u00fcbresi, enfeksiyon riski nedeniyle 6 ayl\u0131ktan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131larda altl\u0131k olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131da \u0131slak ya da kirli diz ve kal\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc altl\u0131k sorununa i\u015faret<br \/>\netmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 \u00fczerinde 1. derecede etkilidir. G\u00fcnler uzad\u0131k\u00e7a<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fcme artar, k\u0131sald\u0131k\u00e7a azal\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131 kul\u00fcbesinin y\u00f6n\u00fc k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015ften en iyi yararlanmay\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131<br \/>\nbak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fcneye, yaz\u0131n ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6\u011flen g\u00fcne\u015fine maruz kalmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fuya<br \/>\nbakacak \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Kalsiyum ve fosfor metabolizmas\u0131nda rol alarak, kalsiyum ve fosforun<br \/>\nba\u011f\u0131rsaklardan emilimine yard\u0131m eden D vitamini; buza\u011f\u0131da kemik ve iskelet geli\u015fimi<br \/>\nkadar ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinde aktif rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. D<br \/>\nvitamini yetersizli\u011finin en \u00f6nemli sebepleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na yeteri kadar maruz<br \/>\nkalmama yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kul\u00fcbelerde yeti\u015fen buza\u011f\u0131lar; temiz hava ve bol g\u00fcne\u015fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00f6lgenin tabi<br \/>\n\u015fartlar\u0131na daha iyi adapte olduklar\u0131ndan, yeti\u015fkin d\u00f6neminde de hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 daha<br \/>\ndiren\u00e7li olmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar; ya\u015f\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (gen\u00e7) hayvanlardan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flay\u0131p, ya\u015fl\u0131<br \/>\nhayvanlara do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmelidir. M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse bir ki\u015fi sadece buza\u011f\u0131lara bakmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u0130\u015fletmede bir yer kirli ise her yer kirlidir\u201d ilkesi ile haz\u0131rlanan biyog\u00fcvenlik<br \/>\nplan\u0131 dahilinde buza\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n hijyenine \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Sindirim ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonlar\u0131; ancak buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131<br \/>\nyerlerin temiz, kuru, iyi havaland\u0131rmal\u0131 yerler olmas\u0131yla \u00f6nlenir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131 (0-6 ayl\u0131k ya\u015f) bak\u0131m ve beslemenin, yeti\u015fkinlik d\u00f6nemindeki performans\u0131<br \/>\n(s\u00fct, besi, d\u00f6l vb.) \u00fczerinde birinci derecede etkili oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131k<br \/>\nge\u00e7irenlerde ileri ya\u015flarda geli\u015fme gerili\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi kuvvetle muhtemel<br \/>\nolaca\u011f\u0131ndan, buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131 hasta etmeden b\u00fcy\u00fctmek her daim esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. 40 kg do\u011fan<br \/>\nbir buza\u011f\u0131 ilk 6 ay sonunda en az 200 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130yi<br \/>\ngeli\u015fen di\u015fi buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n, geli\u015fmeyenlere g\u00f6re bir laktasyon d\u00f6neminde 500-1500 kg<br \/>\ndaha fazla s\u00fct verdi\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fctten kesim zaman\u0131n belirlenmesinde, 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015ftan ziyade<br \/>\nt\u00fcketti\u011fi ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yemi miktar\u0131 ile canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Geli\u015fme gerili\u011fi<br \/>\ng\u00f6steren (60 g\u00fcnde do\u011fum a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmayan) veya yetersiz yem<br \/>\n(canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %1\u2019inden az ) t\u00fcketen buza\u011f\u0131lar, 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015f s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\nkal\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00fctle beslenmeye devam edilmelidir. Ortalama 40 kg canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<br \/>\ndo\u011fan bir buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 60 g\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda 100 kg\u2019\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 hedeflenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fctten kesim zaman\u0131nda hayvana verilmekte olan kesif yem de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemeli,<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lar ta\u015f\u0131nmamal\u0131 veya boynuz k\u00f6reltme gibi stres yaratan i\u015fler yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131larda s\u00fctten kesilene kadar olan d\u00f6nemde \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 \u2264 %3, alt\u0131 ay\u0131n sonunda<br \/>\nyani dana oluncaya kadarki d\u00f6nemde ise \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 % 5\u2019in alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Buza\u011f\u0131larda \u0130shal ve Pn\u00f6moni<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130shale ve pn\u00f6moniye neden olan enfeksiy\u00f6z ajanlar; yetersiz ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve k\u00f6t\u00fc<br \/>\n\u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle; hayvan refah\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerde ortamda do\u011fal olarak bulunan enfeksiy\u00f6z ajanlar, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131larda hastal\u0131k yapma g\u00fcc\u00fcne kavu\u015famamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Patojen mikroorganizmalar, yeni do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccuduna a\u011f\u0131z, burun ve g\u00f6bek<br \/>\nkordonu olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 yoldan girebilmektedir. Bu bula\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemenin yolu,<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n temiz, kuru ve havadar ortamlarda tutulmas\u0131 ile g\u00f6bek kordonunun do\u011fum<br \/>\nsonras\u0131 % 7 iyodin i\u00e7eren antiseptikle ilk 3 g\u00fcnde 12 saat arayla dezenfeksiyonundan<br \/>\nge\u00e7mektedir. G\u00f6bek kordonu dezenfeksiyonu yap\u0131lmayan buza\u011f\u0131larda \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nyap\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re ortalama % 11 daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\nYap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin % 50\u2019sinde fazlas\u0131n\u0131n ishallerden,<br \/>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k % 25\u2019nin de solunum sistemi hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\nBuza\u011f\u0131larda ishale sebep olan mikrobiyel ve paraziter etkenler;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Bakteriler: Colibasillosis ( daha \u00e7ok E. coli K99 ve E. coli CS 31A su\u015flar\u0131),<br \/>\nSalmonellosis (daha \u00e7ok S. typhimurium) ve listeria,<\/li>\n<li>Virusler; Rotavirus, Coronavirus, BVD (Bovin Viral Diare),<\/li>\n<li>Parazitler; Cryptosporidiosis (C. parvum ), Coccidiosis (Eimeria bovis, E.<br \/>\nzuernii, E. alabamensis), Giardia (Giardia intestinalis), Strongyloides (S. papillosus).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131larda pn\u00f6moniye sebep olan patojenler;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Bakteriler; past\u00f6rellosis ( Manheimia haemolytica, Manheimia multocida),<br \/>\nmycoplasmosis (M. bovis),<\/li>\n<li>Virusler; RSV ile PI 3.<\/li>\n<li>Enfeksiy\u00f6z olmayan ishal ve pn\u00f6moni nedenleri;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Buza\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n; kirli, rutubetli, havas\u0131z, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k, \u00e7ok s\u0131cak ya da<br \/>\nso\u011fuk olmas\u0131, yeni do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131larla yeti\u015fkinlerin bir arada tutulmas\u0131, stres, buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nzaman\u0131nda ve yeterli miktarda kaliteli a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fc alamamas\u0131, besleme d\u00fczensizli\u011fi,<br \/>\ni\u00e7irilen s\u00fctlerin so\u011fuk ya da bozuk olmas\u0131, gebeli\u011finin 7. ay\u0131ndan sonra nakledilmesi ve<br \/>\ng\u00fc\u00e7 do\u011fum \u015feklinde s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Beslenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 ishaller; normal ko\u015fullarda; buza\u011f\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u00e7ilen s\u00fct rumeni<br \/>\n(i\u015fkembeyi) ge\u00e7erek abomasuma (\u015firden) gelir. S\u00fct burada k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015f\u0131r ve<br \/>\nyava\u015f\u00e7a abomasumdan ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa ge\u00e7er. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcketim, yanl\u0131\u015f pozisyonda veya<br \/>\nuygun olmayan emzikle (yerdeki kovadan s\u00fct i\u00e7irmek, geni\u015f delikli emzikler gibi) ve<br \/>\nstres ko\u015fullar\u0131nda; s\u00fct\u00fcn bir miktar\u0131 p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmadan ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa ge\u00e7er. Patojen<br \/>\nmikroorganizmalar sindirilmeden ince ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa gelen s\u00fctteki laktozu ve proteini<br \/>\nkullanarak kolay ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flar. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 ishal \u015fekillenebilir.<br \/>\nSindirim ve solunum sistemi hastal\u0131klardan koruman\u0131n en etkili yolu, uygun<br \/>\nbar\u0131nak tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma ile birlikte buza\u011f\u0131ya zaman\u0131nda kaliteli kolostrum<br \/>\nsunmak, a\u015f\u0131lama ile i\u015fletmede \u00f6d\u00fcns\u00fcz refah ve hijyen gereklerine uyulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu<br \/>\nba\u011flamda;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kurudaki inek ve gebe d\u00fcveler kirli ortamlardan uzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Deri ve<br \/>\nmemeleri d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve idrarla yo\u011fun temas eden ileri gebe hayvanlar\u0131n; d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 kaynakl\u0131<br \/>\nenfeksiyonlara maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fum b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc geni\u015f, rahat, \u0131l\u0131k ve temiz tutulmal\u0131, do\u011fumdan sonra temizlenip<br \/>\ndezenfekte edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fcde i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f parazit muayenesi yap\u0131larak, gerekirse y\u0131ll\u0131k programlar<br \/>\ndahilinde parazitlerle m\u00fccadele edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fum esnas\u0131nda buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n ve annelerin stres ya\u015famamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tedbir<br \/>\nal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcvelerde ve do\u011fum g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya\u015fayan ineklerin tohumlanmas\u0131nda do\u011fum<br \/>\nkolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan bo\u011falar\u0131n spermas\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Gereksiz bir \u015fekilde do\u011fumlara<br \/>\nm\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131larda ishalin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni olan E. coli, rotavirus ve coronaviruse kar\u015f\u0131<br \/>\na\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fcyle ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gebe hayvanlar do\u011fumuna 4-9 hafta kala<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131 Septisemi Serumu (hiperimmun serum), buza\u011f\u0131 septiseminin hem<br \/>\ntedavisinde hem de korunmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir. Tedavi a\u015famas\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131<br \/>\nolan serumun, koruma s\u00fcresi anneden gelen antikorun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumadan daha k\u0131sa<br \/>\ns\u00fcrelidir. Bu nedenle \u00f6ncelik do\u011fumuna 4-9 hafta kala anne adaylar\u0131n\u0131n buza\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nseptisemisine kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na verilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fcde clostridium tiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bir protokol dahilinde<br \/>\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Gevi\u015f getiren hayvanlarda gebelik esnas\u0131nda anneden yavruya antikor ge\u00e7i\u015fi<br \/>\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, pasif ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n en etkili yolu kaliteli kolostrumdur. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse ilk 20 dakika i\u00e7erisinde kaliteli kolostrum almas\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fan buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk 6 saat i\u00e7erisinde canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 10 kadar kaliteli<br \/>\nkolostrum ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk 3 g\u00fcn kolostrumla beslemek buza\u011f\u0131larda<br \/>\nmukozal b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi art\u0131rarak, sindirim sisteminin emilim (absorbsiyon) kapasitesini de<br \/>\nmaksimize etmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Kolostrum vermeden \u00f6nce, kolostrumla beraber veya kolostrumdan sonra ba\u015fka<br \/>\n\u00fcr\u00fcn verilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar, i\u00e7ecekleri kolostrum\/s\u00fct s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan (38 \u00baC) 2-3 \u00baC<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 son derece hassast\u0131r. Hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kolostrum\/s\u00fct\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak i\u00e7irme s\u00fcresince tedbir al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Dondurulmu\u015f kolostrumlar 40-45 \u00baC \u0131s\u0131 ortamlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. 49 \u00baC ve<br \/>\n\u00fczeri s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kalitesini olumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Buza\u011f\u0131lara temiz kapla i\u00e7irilen s\u00fct; taze ve v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (38 0C)<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Mastitisli a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fctleriyle beslenen buza\u011f\u0131larda hastal\u0131k risk \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle, kuru d\u00f6nem tedavisiyle s\u00fcr\u00fcde mastitis elemine edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131,<br \/>\nmastitisli veya antibiyotik i\u00e7eren s\u00fctler buza\u011f\u0131lara i\u00e7irilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar at\u0131k s\u00fct yerine sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ineklerin s\u00fctleriyle veya mamalarla<br \/>\nbeslenmelidir. \u015eayet ekonomik nedenlerle buza\u011f\u0131ya at\u0131k s\u00fct ( hasta veya mastitisli<br \/>\nmemeden elden edilen) verilmesi gerekiyorsa bu s\u00fctler mutlaka past\u00f6rize edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct i\u00e7irmede, kova yerine biberonlar tercih edilmeli ve biberon deliklerinin<br \/>\ngeni\u015fli\u011fine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131ya verilecek s\u00fct\u00fcn miktar ve kalitesinde ani de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131ya g\u00fcnl\u00fck canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en az % 10\u2019u kadar s\u00fct i\u00e7irilmeli, bu konuda cimri<br \/>\ndavran\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bir\u00e7ok i\u015fletme, illeri d\u00f6nemdeki performans\u0131<br \/>\npozitif y\u00f6nde etkiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in buza\u011f\u0131ya i\u00e7ebildi\u011fi kadar s\u00fct vermeyi tercih etmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130shal durumunda verilen s\u00fct veya buza\u011f\u0131 mamas\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmeli, kesif yeme<br \/>\ntoksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zeli\u011fi olan kepek ilave edilmelidir. \u0130shalin ge\u00e7mesinden sonra s\u00fct veya<br \/>\nbuza\u011f\u0131 mamas\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 kademeli olarak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Zaman\u0131nda yeterli a\u011f\u0131z s\u00fct\u00fc veya s\u00fct i\u00e7meyen buza\u011f\u0131lar, hastal\u0131klara yatk\u0131n<br \/>\nolduklar\u0131ndan mutlaka s\u0131k\u0131 takibe al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lar ilk be\u015f haftada hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok hassast\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafikte de<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere buza\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin; % 76,2 sinin do\u011fumu takip eden ilk be\u015f haftada<br \/>\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, 6-8. haftalarda azalarak devam etti\u011fi, ancak s\u00fctten kesilip tamamen yeme<br \/>\nge\u00e7ildi\u011fi dokuzuncu haftada ise tekrar art\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Her emzirmeden sonra kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcm ekipmanlar (\u015fi\u015feler, kovalar, emzikler<br \/>\nkar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar ) temizlenerek dezenfekte edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130shal \u00e7ok s\u00fcratle yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, hasta hayvanlar derhal ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Genel sanitasyon tedbirleri kapsam\u0131nda; i\u011fne u\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden<br \/>\n(m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse tek kullan\u0131ml\u0131k enjekt\u00f6r), d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile kapl\u0131, nemli ortamlarda buza\u011f\u0131lara a\u015f\u0131<br \/>\nyapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bir ishal salg\u0131n\u0131nda, erken tan\u0131 ve tedavi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Buza\u011f\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fclen<br \/>\nishal olaylar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle \u00e7abuk sonu\u00e7 veren test tekniklerinin pratik te\u015fhiste<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yararl\u0131 olabilir. \u0130shal ba\u015flad\u0131ktan 12 saat i\u00e7inde d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri te\u015fhis i\u00e7in<br \/>\nlaboratuvara g\u00f6nderilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Otlatma esnas\u0131nda 7 \u00baC alt\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u015fiddetli r\u00fczgar ve ya\u011fmura maruz<br \/>\nkalan buza\u011f\u0131larda, \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 % 2-4 nispetinde artabilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130shalleri engellemek ve salg\u0131nlar\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in veteriner hekiminizin<br \/>\nhaz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu m\u00fccadele program\u0131 dahilinde hareket edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Buza\u011f\u0131larda Boynuz K\u00f6reltme ve Fazla Meme U\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Kesilmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hayvanlar\u0131n birbirlerine ve bak\u0131c\u0131lara zarar verme tehlikesini azaltmak amac\u0131yla<br \/>\nelektrikli boynuz k\u00f6reltme aletiyle boynuzlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini sa\u011flayan h\u00fccrelere zarar<br \/>\nverilerek boynuz k\u00f6reltilir. Bu ama\u00e7la haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kimyasal maddeler de (kostik soda)<br \/>\nboynuz k\u00f6reltmede kullan\u0131labilir. Buza\u011f\u0131 20-30 g\u00fcnl\u00fck olunca boynuz k\u00f6reltilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131mda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck olu\u015fturan ve mastitis tehlikesini art\u0131ran fazla meme u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nerken d\u00f6nemde al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n boynuz k\u00f6reltme ile birlikte yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda yarar vard\u0131r. Ekstra<br \/>\nmeme ba\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi antiseptik bir sol\u00fcsyonla temizlendikten sonra meme ba\u015f\u0131 keskin bir<br \/>\nmakasla al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>MEME SA\u011eLI\u011eI VE SA\u011eIM H\u0130JYEN\u0130<\/h3>\n<p>S\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131, konforlu bir ortamda g\u00fcnde 2 defa uygun sa\u011f\u0131m tekni\u011fi ve hijyen kurallar\u0131<br \/>\n\u00e7er\u00e7evesinde en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede sa\u011f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011f\u0131mdan \u00f6nce sa\u011f\u0131ma memenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\n\u00f6zel s\u00fct kontrol kupalar\u0131na elle birka\u00e7 damla s\u00fct sa\u011f\u0131p, s\u00fctte bir anormallik olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<br \/>\nkontrol edilmelidir. Al\u0131nan birka\u00e7 damla s\u00fct ele veya yere sa\u011f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131m Kurallar\u0131 Afi\u015fi; sa\u011f\u0131mda net g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilecek bir \u015fekilde duvara as\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>1- Eldiven kullan\u0131m\u0131,<br \/>\n2- Meme ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n dald\u0131rma sol\u00fcsyonuna veya k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,<br \/>\n3- Her memeden 3-4 s\u0131k\u0131m s\u00fct\u00fcn mastit kontrol kab\u0131na al\u0131narak kontrol edilmesi,<br \/>\n4-Temiz bir bezle (tek kullan\u0131m) meme ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n silinerek kurulanmas\u0131,<br \/>\n5-Meme ba\u015flar\u0131na s\u00fct sa\u011f\u0131m makinas\u0131 vakumlar\u0131n\u0131n tak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sa\u011f\u0131m tamamlan\u0131nca vakumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131,<br \/>\n6- Meme ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n antiseptik sol\u00fcsyonuna dald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda bakteriler, inekten ine\u011fe sa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n elleri, meme ba\u015f\u0131 lastikleri ve<br \/>\ntek kullan\u0131ml\u0131k olmayan bezlerle bula\u015fabilmektedir. Sa\u011f\u0131m \u00f6ncesi meme ba\u015flar\u0131na<br \/>\ndezenfektanl\u0131 \u00f6n dald\u0131rma sol\u00fcsyonu veya k\u00f6p\u00fck uygulanmamas\u0131, meme ba\u015f\u0131ndan s\u00fcte<br \/>\nge\u00e7ebilecek bakteri y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gibi mastitis riskini de y\u00fckseltmektedir. Sa\u011f\u0131m<br \/>\n\u00f6ncesi kontrol ve s\u00fct\u00fcn indirilmesinin uyar\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla \u00f6n sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131,<br \/>\nklinik mastitisin te\u015fhisini ve tedavisini zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi mastitisin di\u011fer ineklere<br \/>\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de ortam olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fru, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve tam bir sa\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in 12-15 saniye<br \/>\ns\u00fcrecek bir meme uyar\u0131m\u0131 (\u00f6n sa\u011f\u0131m, \u00f6n dald\u0131rma) yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben 1-2 dakika<br \/>\ni\u00e7erisinde sa\u011f\u0131m ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 memeye tak\u0131lmal\u0131 ve vakum kesilmeden de memeden<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011f\u0131m ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 memeden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan hemen sonra, meme<br \/>\nba\u015flar\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131m makinesi i\u00e7 lasti\u011finin temas etti\u011fi yere kadar dezenfekte edilmelidir (tercih<br \/>\nmeme ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n antiseptikli sol\u00fcsyona dald\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r -teat dipping).<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n her sa\u011f\u0131mda ineklere sakin ve g\u00fcven verecek \u015fekilde davranmas\u0131 i\u00e7in<br \/>\niyi d\u00fczeyde motivasyonun sa\u011flanmas\u0131, meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca,<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar, memenin yap\u0131s\u0131, s\u00fct salg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n fizyolojisi ve sa\u011f\u0131m makinas\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda temel bilgilere sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131m ba\u015f\u0131nda %2 olan s\u00fctte ya\u011f oran\u0131, sa\u011f\u0131m sonunda %15\u2019in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nBu nedenle memede 400 ml den fazla s\u00fct b\u0131rak\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kural\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan bir<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mda, memede kalan s\u00fct miktar\u0131 200 ml\u2019yi ge\u00e7memektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7 sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lan ineklerin, iki sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re % 10-20 oran\u0131nda daha fazla<br \/>\ns\u00fct vermesi ile klinik mastitis olgular\u0131nda belirgin bir azalmay\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 gibi olumlu<br \/>\netkileri olmakla birlikte, do\u011fumdan sonraki ilk 20 g\u00fcnde ine\u011fin enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\n\u015fiddetlendirece\u011finden g\u00fcnde ikiden fazla sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmemektedir.<br \/>\nSa\u011f\u0131m ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve borular\u0131n\u0131n temizli\u011fi, sa\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fct\u00fcn derhal so\u011futularak,<br \/>\nso\u011fuk ortamda i\u015flenece\u011fi \u00fcnitelere nakledilmesi s\u00fctteki bakteri y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ciddi oranda<br \/>\nazaltacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011f\u0131m makinesi her zaman iyi i\u015fler durumda olmal\u0131, periyodik olarak temizlenmeli<br \/>\nve bir uzman, teknisyen ya da servis eleman\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bak\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Devasa<br \/>\n\u00f6zelliklere sahip meme dokular\u0131n\u0131 her g\u00fcn defalarca elleyen sa\u011f\u0131m makinelerinin, her<br \/>\nsa\u011f\u0131mda g\u00f6revini iyi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm sa\u011f\u0131m makineleri, her y\u0131l en<br \/>\naz iki defa d\u00fczenli olarak kalibre (ayarlanma) edilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Elle sa\u011f\u0131mda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse inekler ah\u0131rda de\u011fil, a\u00e7\u0131k alanda sa\u011f\u0131larak kapal\u0131 ortamda<br \/>\nhavada yo\u011fun olarak bulunan koku ve bakterilerin s\u00fcte ge\u00e7mesi \u00f6nlenmelidir.<br \/>\nMeme \u00f6demi; meme ve meme alt\u0131 derisi alt\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede s\u0131v\u0131 birikmesi olarak<br \/>\ntan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Yeni do\u011fum yapacak d\u00fcvelerde ve y\u00fcksek verimli ineklerde daha<br \/>\n\u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fl\u0131 ve\/veya ileri ya\u015fta tohumlanan d\u00fcveler, do\u011fum \u00f6ncesinde<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beslenenler, rasyon dengesizlikleri ( sodyum ve potasyum fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131) ve yetersiz<br \/>\neksersizlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fekillenebilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meme Kirlilik Skorlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meme kirlilik skorlar\u0131, meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fct\u00fcn kalitesi \u00fczerinde etkili olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nSkor 1-2 meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kaliteli s\u00fcte g\u00fcvence olu\u015ftururken, Skor 3-4 ise mastitise zemin<br \/>\nolu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Somatik H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131 (SHS); 1 mililitre s\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki h\u00fccre (akyuvar + epitel)<br \/>\nsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Somatik h\u00fccre; v\u00fccuttan t\u00fcremi\u015f\/k\u00f6kenli h\u00fccre demektir.<br \/>\nNormal bir memeden al\u0131nan s\u00fct i\u00e7indeki somatik h\u00fccrelerinin %75-85 \u2018i l\u00f6kositlerden,<br \/>\ngeri kalan % 15-25 ise epitel h\u00fccrelerinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fumdan hemen sonra (ilk<br \/>\n\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn) ve laktasyon sonunda s\u00fct sentezleyen epitel h\u00fccreleri \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde<br \/>\nyenilendi\u011finden, bu fizyolojik d\u00f6nemde epitel h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131 ve toplam Somatik H\u00fccre<br \/>\nSay\u0131s\u0131 (SHS) y\u00fckselmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Somatik H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 (SHS) art\u0131ran di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler; mastitis, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k (ya\u015fla<br \/>\nbirlikte artar), \u0131rk (ayshire \u0131rk\u0131 ineklerde holsteinlere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck), mevsim<br \/>\n(s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem), stres, b\u00f6lge (s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nem), sa\u011f\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc bar\u0131naklar, y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nkirlilik skoru ve k\u00f6t\u00fc bak\u0131m besleme ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tank somatik h\u00fccre (akyuvar + epitel h\u00fccre) say\u0131s\u0131nda kritik e\u015fik olan 200.000<br \/>\n\u00fczerindeki her 100.000\u2019lik art\u0131\u015f; s\u00fct \u00fcretiminde % 2,5\u2019lara varan azalman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra<br \/>\nmastitisli meme lobu say\u0131s\u0131nda % 5 oran\u0131nda ekstra bir art\u0131\u015fa neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Somatik H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131 (SHS) ile enfeksiyon varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fken<br \/>\nolmakla birlikte bir inekte Somatik H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131 280.000\u2019nin \u00fczerinde ise mastitise<br \/>\n(enfekte) yakalanma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da % 85 \u2018in \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mastitis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Meme dokusunun yang\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinir. Mastitis genellikle laktasyon ile ili\u015fkili<br \/>\nolup, olu\u015fum nedenine g\u00f6re; enfeksiy\u00f6z, travmatik veya toksik, seyrine g\u00f6re; klinik<br \/>\nveya subklinik, s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re de akut veya kronik olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nMastitisin sebepleri, daha \u00e7ok haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 (\u00e7evre kaynakl\u0131) ve yap\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\n(mikroorganizmalar) olmak \u00fczere iki ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nekler, mastitise yol a\u00e7an 200 den fazla bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fc ile ayn\u0131 ortamda ya\u015farlar. Bu<br \/>\nnedenle, mastitise kar\u015f\u0131 her zaman ve her noktada uyan\u0131k olma zorunlulu\u011fu vard\u0131r.<br \/>\nMikroorganizmalar; memeye daha \u00e7ok meme ba\u015f\u0131 kanal\u0131ndan olmak \u00fczere, dola\u015f\u0131m<br \/>\n(kan-lenf) ve meme ba\u015f\u0131 derisindeki s\u0131yr\u0131k, yara ve berelerden girmektedirler.<br \/>\nMastitisli s\u00fct, sa\u011fl\u0131k riski nedeniyle kesinlikle insan veya hayvan g\u0131das\u0131 olarak<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Meme yang\u0131s\u0131\/iltihab\u0131 olan bir memeden salg\u0131lanan s\u00fct, \u00f6ncelikle<br \/>\nbesin i\u00e7eri\u011fini (protein, ya\u011f, mineral madde vb.) kaybetmi\u015f kalitesiz ve toksik bir<br \/>\ns\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik meme yang\u0131s\u0131na\/iltihab\u0131na sebep olan mikroorganizmalar meme<br \/>\nsalg\u0131s\u0131\/s\u00fct ile yavruya ge\u00e7mekte, yavrular yeti\u015fkin di\u015fi (ana\u00e7) olduklar\u0131nda da s\u00f6z<br \/>\nkonusu patojen mikroorganizmalar aktif hale ge\u00e7erek, bir kez daha mastitise sebep<br \/>\nolabilmektedir. Bu nedenle mastitisli memeden salg\u0131lanan s\u00fctler yavrulara<br \/>\ni\u00e7irilmemelidir veya buza\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mastitli memeyi emmesine izin verilmemelidir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc veya kombine verim y\u00f6nl\u00fc ineklerde artan s\u00fct verimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, mastitis,<br \/>\nekonomik kay\u0131plara neden olan hastal\u0131klar i\u00e7erisinde % 30-40\u2019l\u0131k bir paya sahiptir.<\/p>\n<p>Mastitis kaynakl\u0131 kay\u0131plar<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct\u00fcn kalitesindeki de\u011fer kayb\u0131 ve sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Emek ve zaman kayb\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130la\u00e7 ve tedavi gideri,<\/li>\n<li>G\u0131da kirlili\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li>Kilo kayb\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6lverimi kayb\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Mastitisli ineklerin elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 (reforme edilme),<br \/>\n\u015feklinde s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>AB \u00dclkelerinde mastitisin (klinik ve subklinik) inek ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k 70-250 \u20ac aras\u0131nda<br \/>\nmaddi kayba sebep oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da yay\u0131n vard\u0131r. Mastitis vakas\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na<br \/>\nmaliyet, \u00e7iftlikler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klardan dolay\u0131 \u00e7iftlikten \u00e7iftli\u011fe g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik<br \/>\ng\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u00e7iftlik verilerini kullanan yak\u0131n tarihli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, tek bir<br \/>\nklinik mastitis vakas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek maliyetinin 149 \u00a3 &#8211; 250 \u00a3 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu buldu.<br \/>\nGenel ortalamalardan ziyade i\u015fletmedeki klinik ve subklinik masttise ba\u011fl\u0131 mali kay\u0131plar<br \/>\n\u00f6ncelikle do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tespit edilmelidir. \u00c7iftlik sahibi ve sorumlu veteriner hekimi<br \/>\ni\u015fletmedeki mastitis maliyetlerine odaklanmal\u0131 en \u00e7ok fayda sa\u011flayacak koruma ve<br \/>\nkontrol programlar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>Subklinik (gizli\/g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen) mastitis; inekte, memede veya s\u00fctte her herhangi<br \/>\nbir belirti vermeyen ancak s\u00fct verimini ve kalitesini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekle<br \/>\nkarakterize bir mastitis \u015feklidir. % 3-25 oran\u0131nda s\u00fct kayb\u0131na neden olan subklinik<br \/>\nmastitis en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan mastitis formudur ve mastitise ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00fct kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok<br \/>\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 (% 70) te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, \u00fclkemizde subklinik mastitis g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re<br \/>\nde\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermekle birlikte ortalama %30 olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Kars\u2019da % 16<br \/>\nolarak bildirilen subklinik mastitis g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Afyonkarahisar\u2019da % 44, Konya\u2019da<br \/>\n% 23, \u00c7ukurova b\u00f6lgesinde ise %58 olarak bildirilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131 y\u00fcksek oranda<br \/>\nfarkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n; verim, sa\u011f\u0131m ve altl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi ile b\u00f6lgelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem oran\u0131ndan<br \/>\n(SN\u0130) kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Klinik (belirtili\/g\u00f6z\u00fcken) mastitis; memede ate\u015f, k\u0131zar\u0131kl\u0131k, \u015fi\u015flik, a\u011fr\u0131, s\u00fct<br \/>\nveriminde azalma, memeden s\u00fct yerine su, p\u0131ht\u0131, kan gelmesi, hayvan\u0131n genel<br \/>\ndurumunda bozukluk, ne\u015fesizlik, i\u015ftahs\u0131zl\u0131k ve ate\u015f gibi belirtilerle seyreden mastitis<br \/>\n\u015feklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Her bir meme lobunda meydana gelen iltihabi durum, bir klinik mastitis vakas\u0131<br \/>\nolarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tek bir ine\u011fin 4 meme lobunda klinik mastitis \u015fekillendiyse bu 4<br \/>\nmastitis vakas\u0131 olarak kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletmede ayl\u0131k klinik mastitis oran\u0131 %<br \/>\n2\u2019nin alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Verimlili\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi ve meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvan Refah\u0131nda \u201c5 Temel Hak\u201d kural\u0131na uyulmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar\u0131n temizli\u011fi, havaland\u0131rmas\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve neminin kabul edilebilir<br \/>\nseviyede tutulmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Yataklar\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak temizlenmesine veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>Yatma yerlerinde bakteri \u00fcremesini en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede tutan temiz kum altl\u0131k<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011fmal inek v\u00fccudunun s\u00fcrekli kuru ve temiz olmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fccut Kirlilik Skorunun 4\u2019li skalada 3\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede elde edilen s\u00fctlerde (tank) somatik h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 200.000 den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<br \/>\nolmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi memede \u00f6dem olu\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, rasyonlarda sodyum ve<br \/>\npotasyum al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131cak stresine kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir al\u0131nmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Meme k\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>Lezyonlu meme ba\u015f\u0131 derisi somatik h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli oranda (%30-40)<br \/>\nart\u0131\u015fa neden olmaktad\u0131r. Meme ve meme ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n lezyonlardan(yaralanmadan)<br \/>\nkorunmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Somatik h\u00fccre skoru iyi olan dam\u0131zl\u0131k bo\u011falara ait sperma kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Yemlere meme sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyan selenyum, \u00e7inko ile D ve E vitamini i\u00e7eren<br \/>\nkatk\u0131lar\u0131n ilave edilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131na (d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u015f\u00fcpheli dam\u0131zl\u0131k di\u015fi hayvan al\u0131nmamas\u0131),<\/li>\n<li>Sineklerle m\u00fccadele edilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fcve do\u011fumlar\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar sonu ve yaz ba\u015flar\u0131na denk getirilmemesine,<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct\u00fcn kolayca inmesi i\u00e7in ineklere iyi davran\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m makinelerinin periyodik olarak bak\u0131m ve kalibrasyonuna,<\/li>\n<li>Stresiz ortamda sa\u011f\u0131m\u0131n zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Her y\u0131l sa\u011f\u0131lan ineklerden ortalama % 20-25\u2019nin (ya\u015fl\u0131, verimsiz, hasta vb.)<br \/>\ngen\u00e7lerle yenilenmesine,<\/li>\n<li>Sark\u0131k memeli inekler ile meme ba\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131sa-uzun ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kal\u0131n-ince inekler<br \/>\nzaman i\u00e7erisinde seleksiyona tabi tutulmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Meme ba\u015f\u0131 sfinkterleri gev\u015fek olan yani s\u0131kl\u0131kla memede s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olan ineklerin<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131kl\u0131kla emilen buza\u011f\u0131-dana-d\u00fcvelerin s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130lk buza\u011f\u0131lama ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 30 aydan y\u00fcksek olmamas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Mastitisli ineklerin erken fark edilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>Mastitisli hayvanlar\u0131n ayr\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na veya sona b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Mastitli ineklerin g\u00fcnde 4-6 kez sa\u011f\u0131larak, memede olu\u015fan toksinlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131<br \/>\nat\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m \u00f6ncesi ve sa\u011f\u0131m sonras\u0131 meme temizli\u011fi ve asepsisine,<\/li>\n<li>Meme ve meme ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131mdan \u00f6nce \u0131slat\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya y\u0131kanmamas\u0131,<br \/>\n\u0131slaksa veya y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015fsa da iyice kurutulduktan sonra sa\u011f\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131mdan sonra kilitleme (yatmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde ba\u011flama) ve yemleme<br \/>\nyap\u0131larak, meme s\u00fct kanal\u0131 kapanana kadar (1 saat) ineklerin ayakta bekletilmesine,<\/li>\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve sonu laktasyon d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re yedi kat daha fazla<br \/>\nmastitis riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle do\u011fumdan \u00f6nceki iki ayda (kuru d\u00f6nem)<br \/>\ngebelerin temiz, kuru, bol altl\u0131kl\u0131 ve kalabal\u0131k olmayan yerlerde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fan subklinik enfeksiyonlar, laktasyon d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fan yeni<br \/>\nmeme i\u00e7i enfeksiyonlardan daha fazla oranda do\u011fum sonras\u0131 klinik mastitislere neden<br \/>\nolmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kuru d\u00f6nem sa\u011f\u0131lt\u0131m program\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>Kuru d\u00f6nemde meme i\u00e7ine uygulanan antibiyotikler, yava\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden en<br \/>\naz \u00fc\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcreyle etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu nedenle kuru d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan sa\u011falt\u0131m<br \/>\nayn\u0131 zamanda yeni enfeksiyonlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde de kilit \u00f6nemdedir.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrekli somatik h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan ve s\u0131k s\u0131k (1 laktasyonda 3\u2019den fazla)<br \/>\nmastite yakalananlar ile kuru d\u00f6nemde problemi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyen mastitisli hayvanlar\u0131n<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede veteriner hekiminizin \u00f6nerisine g\u00f6re mastitise kar\u015f\u0131 bir korunma<br \/>\nplan\u0131na sahip olunmas\u0131na,<br \/>\ndikkat edilmelidir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>AYAK SA\u011eLI\u011eI<\/h3>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda bacaklar\u0131n topuk ekleminin alt\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u201cayak\u201d diye<br \/>\nadland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, do\u011fal ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olan \u00e7ay\u0131r ve meralarda yeti\u015ftirildi\u011finde ayak<br \/>\nsorunlar\u0131 yok denilecek kadar azd\u0131r. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nkapal\u0131 mekanlarda beton zeminler \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7irmeye zorlanan a\u011f\u0131r c\u00fcsseli, y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nverimli k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u0131rk\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda topall\u0131k ve ayak problemleri s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Ayak<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131; dam\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011fini belirleyen et, s\u00fct ve d\u00f6l verim kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra,<br \/>\ntedavi giderlerine, g\u0131da ve \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine de ciddi oranda yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nAyak hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fiddetli a\u011fr\u0131 beyinin hipotalamus ve hipofiz<br \/>\nsistemlerini bloke ederek, hayvan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam ve verim fonksiyonlar\u0131 alt \u00fcst<br \/>\netmektedir. Bu nedenle erken te\u015fhis ve zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayak bak\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem<br \/>\narz etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131; S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131<br \/>\nt\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f kenar\u0131 ve \u00f6k\u00e7eler \u00fczerinde olur (A-i\u015faretli<br \/>\nk\u0131s\u0131m), t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 (B-i\u015faretli) a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na<br \/>\ni\u015ftirak etmez. \u0130yi beslenen yani kan ak\u0131m\u0131 normal olan ve<br \/>\nnormal \u00f6zelliklerini koruyan bir t\u0131rnakta bu i\u015flem t\u0131rnak<br \/>\ncanl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki kan damarlar\u0131n\u0131n, kan dolarak bir<br \/>\namortis\u00f6r g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmeleriyle sa\u011flan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ayak; deri ve yumu\u015fak dokular ile boynuzsu tabakayla<br \/>\nkapl\u0131 olan t\u0131rnak k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan meydana gelir.<br \/>\nHayvan\u0131n canl\u0131 t\u0131rnak boynuzumsu kaps\u00fcl\u00fc; t\u0131rnak<br \/>\ni\u00e7erisindeki canl\u0131 dokunun d\u0131\u015f tabakas\u0131ndaki h\u00fccrelerin<br \/>\nfarkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur ve t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n canl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nkoruman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ayakkab\u0131 g\u00f6revini<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0131rnak, \u00f6n duvar\u0131ndan, tabandan ve \u00f6k\u00e7elerden d\u00fczenli<br \/>\nolarak uzar. Bu uzama normal olarak ayda; t\u0131rnak \u00f6n<br \/>\nduvar\u0131nda 5-13 mm, tabanda ise 3-5 mm kadard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n boynuzsu k\u0131sm\u0131nda nem oran\u0131; % 14-20, alt\u0131ndaki canl\u0131 dokuda ise %<br \/>\n15-30 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nem oran\u0131 % 15\u2019den az oldu\u011funda kuru t\u0131rnak, % 30\u2019dan fazla<br \/>\noldu\u011funda ise yumu\u015fak t\u0131rnak olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Islakl\u0131k t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n yumu\u015famas\u0131na ve<br \/>\n\u00e7abuk uzamas\u0131na kuruluk ise canl\u0131 dokunun s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nartmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Aya\u011f\u0131n yumu\u015fak ve sert dokular\u0131nda yaralanma, incinme ya da mikroplar\u0131n<br \/>\nbula\u015fmas\u0131 veya tahri\u015fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fan problemler ayak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<br \/>\nBunlar kabaca; boynuzsu t\u0131rnak, t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n boynuzsu t\u0131rnak i\u00e7erisindeki canl\u0131 dokusunun,<br \/>\nt\u0131rnak \u00fczeri ve parmaklar aras\u0131 derisinin hastal\u0131klar\u0131, ayak b\u00f6lgesindeki kiri\u015f, kemik ve<br \/>\nba\u011flar\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131 olarak ayr\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkemiz bar\u0131nak ko\u015fullar\u0131, yetersiz ve kalitesiz kaba yem \u00fcretimi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde<br \/>\nbulunduruldu\u011funda ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik kay\u0131plara ve<br \/>\nciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ayak<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fclerde g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n % 30\u2019lara kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, topall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ise %<br \/>\n13\u2019lerde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn topall\u0131k olgular\u0131n\u0131n % 12&#8217;sinin bacaklarda, %<br \/>\n88\u2019inin ayaklarda g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bunlardan % 85\u2019inin arka ayaklar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f t\u0131rnaklar\u0131ndan<br \/>\nkaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 entansif s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nproblemleri aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede birinci s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Devaml\u0131 olarak ah\u0131rda bar\u0131nd\u0131rma, ba\u011fl\u0131 veya hareketsiz kalan hayvanlarda,<br \/>\nasitli rasyonlarla besleme (melas, k\u00fcspe, vb.), a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 konsantre yemle besleme, ah\u0131r<br \/>\nzeminin s\u00fcrekli \u0131slak olmas\u0131 gibi nedenler t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n yumu\u015famas\u0131na ve \u00e7abuk uzamas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flar. T\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uzamas\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bozuk (deforme) t\u0131rnak yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n meydana<br \/>\ngelmesi, v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nma y\u00fczeylerine dengeli aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 menfi<br \/>\ny\u00f6nde etkiler ve bunun sonucunda t\u0131rnaktaki canl\u0131 doku hasar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Hasara ba\u011fl\u0131<br \/>\ntopall\u0131k meydana gelir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen entansif olarak yeti\u015ftirilen s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n<br \/>\nt\u0131rnaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, gizli laminitis oran\u0131n\u0131n % 20 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu<br \/>\nortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bir inekte g\u00f6r\u00fclen<br \/>\nayak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletmeye maliyetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 480 $ oldu\u011fu ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Uzun<br \/>\ns\u00fcreli olgularda hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddetine ba\u011fl\u0131 laktasyon s\u00fcrecinde % 20\u2019 lere varan et ve<br \/>\ns\u00fct kayb\u0131 olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda toplanabilir;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beslenme; \u0130nce \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tane yemler, lif uzunlu\u011fu yetersiz kaba yemler,<br \/>\nkalitesiz kaba yemler, al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmayan yemler, ani yem de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, s\u00fct s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131<br \/>\nrasyonundaki kaba yem oran\u0131n\u0131n % 60\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi, asitli rasyonlarla<br \/>\nbesleme (melas, k\u00fcspe, vb.), a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 besleme, kalsiyum, \u00e7inko, bak\u0131r, iyot,<br \/>\nselenyum gibi mineral maddeler ve metionin, sistein gibi k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc amino<br \/>\nasitlerin eksikli\u011fi, rasyondaki toplam kuru madde ya\u011f oran\u0131n\u0131n % 4\u2019\u00fc ge\u00e7mesi,<br \/>\ny\u00fcksek oranda protein (toplam kuru madde % 17 den fazla),<\/li>\n<li>Bak\u0131m ve idare; Kalabal\u0131k, hareketsizlik, kaygan beton ve kirli zeminler,<br \/>\nzeminlerdeki \u00e7atlaklar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015flar, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve idrar\u0131n yetersiz drenaj\u0131, s\u00fcrekli<br \/>\n\u0131slakl\u0131k, toprak ve benzeri yumu\u015fak zeminlerden ani olarak beton zeminlere<br \/>\nge\u00e7i\u015f, hayvan refah\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, do\u011fum zaman\u0131ndaki olu\u015fan ayak<br \/>\nhassasiyetinin dikkate al\u0131nmamas\u0131, uzun s\u00fcre ayakta kalmas\u0131, altl\u0131k<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmamas\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc veya yetersiz yatakl\u0131klar, s\u0131cakl\u0131k stresi, k\u00f6t\u00fc ayak<br \/>\nbanyosu veya tahri\u015f edici dezenfektanlar,<\/li>\n<li>Enfeksiyonlar; bakteriyel endotoksinler, sistemik hastal\u0131klar, mastit, metrit,<br \/>\n\u015fap, vb. ,<\/li>\n<li>Kal\u0131t\u0131m; kal\u0131tsal ayak-bacak problemleri,<\/li>\n<li>Hatal\u0131 t\u0131rnak kesimi<\/li>\n<li>Tah\u0131l veya konsantre yemlerin fazla verilmesi, rasyonda yap\u0131sal etkili kaba<br \/>\nliflerin az veya kaba yemlerin lezzetsiz yada kalitesiz olmas\u0131 nedeniyle hayvan\u0131n<br \/>\nkonsantre yemleri se\u00e7erek yemesi sonucunda i\u015fkembedeki asidite artar. Rumende<br \/>\nolu\u015fan asiditeye ba\u011fl\u0131 sindirim sistemindeki mikrofloran\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 ile birlikte<br \/>\nendotoksin sal\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Sal\u0131nan endotoksin histamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na, histamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 da<br \/>\ndamarlarda geni\u015flemeye sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 dokularda \u00f6dem olu\u015fumu, damar<br \/>\nhasar\u0131 ve keratin sentezinde azalma meydana gelir. Bu zincirleme reaksiyon sonucunda<br \/>\nda aksama-topall\u0131k \u015fekillenir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015fkembede t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fckle tamponlanamayacak<br \/>\nkatar artan asidite, ba\u011f\u0131rsak hareketleriyle kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine kadar gider.<\/li>\n<li>Kal\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki asit ortam sebebiyle d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 s\u00fcm\u00fcks\u00fc, c\u0131v\u0131k, k\u00f6p\u00fckl\u00fc ve kabarc\u0131kl\u0131 bir<br \/>\nhal al\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fk\u0131y\u0131 bu formda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde asidoza ba\u011fl\u0131 topall\u0131k sorunu ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f<br \/>\ndemektir.<\/li>\n<li>Uygun havaland\u0131rman\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131naklarda veya uzun s\u00fcren nemli ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131<br \/>\nmevsimlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak t\u0131rnak dokusunda yumu\u015fama, kuru ve s\u0131cak mevsimlerde ise<br \/>\nt\u0131rnaklarda \u00e7atlak ve k\u0131r\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Bozuk yemlerle beslenme, endotoksin ve histamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na, bu da canl\u0131 t\u0131rnak<br \/>\ndokusundaki kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nHayvanlar\u0131n, uzun s\u00fcre ayakta kalmas\u0131, s\u00fcrekli olarak ayaklar\u0131n \u0131slak ve beton zemin<br \/>\n\u00fczerinde kalmas\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, k\u00f6t\u00fc (bad) huylu hayvanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00fcye d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan<br \/>\nhayvan kat\u0131lmas\u0131 veya s\u0131k s\u0131k grup de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ayak ve bacak travmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda t\u0131rnak bak\u0131m\u0131nda uyulmas\u0131 gerekli olan kurallar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n bar\u0131nak i\u00e7indeki y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ve duru\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6zlemlenerek, t\u0131rnak sorunu<br \/>\nolanlara vakit kaybetmeden m\u00fcdahale edilmelidir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k % 7-8 dam\u0131zl\u0131ktan<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma sebebi olan t\u0131rnak sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n asgari d\u00fczeyde tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n rahat hareket edebilecekleri a\u00e7\u0131k ve havadar ah\u0131rlar tercih<br \/>\nedilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Aya\u011f\u0131n canl\u0131 dokusunu koruyan boynuzsu t\u0131rnak tabakas\u0131 yumu\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde,<br \/>\nkoruma g\u00f6revini yerine getiremeyece\u011fi i\u00e7in hayvanlar t\u0131rnaklar\u0131nda yumu\u015famaya neden<br \/>\nolabilecek \u0131slakl\u0131klardan uzak tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ah\u0131r zemini; m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi\u011fince temiz ve kuru olmal\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yumu\u015fak veya<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sert tabanlardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cHayvan Refah\u0131nda 5 Temel Hak\u201d kural\u0131na uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct inekleri rasyonlar\u0131na \u00e7inko ve metiyonin ilavesinin faydal\u0131 ve ekonomik<br \/>\noldu\u011fu bildirilmektedir. Rasyonlara ilave edilen \u00e7inko, derinin bariyer fonkisyonunu<br \/>\ng\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek savunma sistemini geli\u015ftirmektedir. \u00c7inko ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u00fccre<br \/>\n\u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, keratin sentezi ve imm\u00fcn tepki i\u00e7inde gereklidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nekler keskin kenarl\u0131, bat\u0131c\u0131, d\u00fczensiz ve bozulmu\u015f zeminlerde<br \/>\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yatak yerlerinde\/duraklarda hayvan\u0131n dinlenme s\u00fcresini uzatmak i\u00e7in sap,<br \/>\nkau\u00e7uk yatak, tala\u015f, kum gibi yumu\u015fak altl\u0131k kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0S\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde k\u00f6t\u00fc (bad) huylu hayvanlara kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/li>\n<li>\u015eap gibi salg\u0131n ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 bir program dahilinde d\u00fczenli<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve uzayan k\u0131s\u0131mlarda a\u015f\u0131nman\u0131n<br \/>\nsa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in hayvanlara; padok i\u00e7erisinde, sa\u011f\u0131mhaneye gidi\u015f-geli\u015fle veya<br \/>\nmerada g\u00fcnl\u00fck yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 metrelik bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f imkan\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayak sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve y\u00f6netilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015fletmedeki t\u00fcm sa\u011fmal<br \/>\nhayvanlar; ayak-bacak ve hareketlilik (lokomosyon ) y\u00f6n\u00fcnde skorlanmal\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan<br \/>\nte\u015fhis ve tedaviler g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak kay\u0131t edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Sivri-uzun, k\u00fct, yayvan-geni\u015f, dolgun, kavisle\u015fen, burulmu\u015f, makasvari ve ayr\u0131k<br \/>\nt\u0131rnak gibi ayak ve bacak yap\u0131s\u0131 genetik olarak kusurlu hayvanlar, seleksiyonla (s\u00fcr\u00fcden<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131karma, ayak-bacak puan\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan bo\u011fa kullanmak vb) s\u00fcr\u00fcdeki varl\u0131klar\u0131<br \/>\nazalt\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Bar\u0131naklarda ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan idrar, d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve \u00e7amur<br \/>\nbirikintilerine izin verilmemelidir.<\/li>\n<li>D\u0131\u015fk\u0131-idrar ile temas\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, zeminde d\u00fcz betondan ziyade<br \/>\noluklu ve\/veya \u0131zgaral\u0131 zemin sistemleri tercih edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Ayak bak\u0131m ve tedavi malzemelerinin her kullan\u0131mdan sonra temizli\u011fi ve<br \/>\ndezenfeksiyonu yap\u0131larak malzeme kaynakl\u0131 bula\u015fma (kontaminasyon) \u00f6nlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>3 aydan b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse beslenme ve hareket ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7ay\u0131rlara<br \/>\nsal\u0131narak ayak\/t\u0131rnak ve bacak yap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n durduklar\u0131 ba\u011flama\/dinlenme zemini, g\u00fcbrelik ve idrar kanal\u0131na<br \/>\ndo\u011fru e\u011fimi ile idrar kanal\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcbre \u00e7ukuruna do\u011fru e\u011fimi % 1-2 olmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcr\u00fclerden hayvan al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda arka k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n gaita ile bula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in, ba\u011flama yeri \u00f6n\u2013arka mesafesi \u0131rk \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve hayvan\u0131n c\u00fcssesi<br \/>\ng\u00f6zetilerek gen\u00e7lerde 135-140 cm, eri\u015fkinlerde 175 &#8211; 200 cm olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Arka ayak \u00f6k\u00e7eleri hizas\u0131nda ba\u015flayan idrar-d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 kanal\u0131, uygun geni\u015flik ve<br \/>\ne\u011fimde olmal\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131p i\u00e7ine girmemeleri i\u00e7in, aralar\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f<br \/>\nolmayan \u0131zgaralarla \u00f6rt\u00fclmelidir. Zeminde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u0131slakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (idrar, gaita vb.)<br \/>\ngiderilerek hayvanlar azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde korunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayak ve t\u0131rnak bak\u0131m\u0131; belli bir e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7mi\u015f, sab\u0131rl\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131 seven ve<br \/>\nho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc davranan, yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015filerce, hayvanlar\u0131n sabitlenebildi\u011fi bir<br \/>\nd\u00fczenekte yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede; ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 veteriner hekim, t\u0131rnak bak\u0131m sorumlusu ve<br \/>\nbesleme uzman\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan bir korunma plan\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nPadok veya mera d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde, hayvanlar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131 tazyikli suyla<br \/>\ny\u0131kan\u0131p temizlenmeli, parmaklar aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fabilecek sert ve bat\u0131c\u0131<br \/>\ncisimler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kontrol edilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n normal yap\u0131s\u0131 bozulduktan sonra kesilip d\u00fczeltilmesiyle bile uzun<br \/>\ns\u00fcre v\u00fccut dengeyi sa\u011flayamaz. Bu nedenle t\u0131rnak bak\u0131m\u0131 ve t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n normal<br \/>\nyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; bir program dahilinde, y\u0131lda iki kez t\u0131rnak kesme ve<br \/>\nd\u00fczeltme i\u015flemi yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Topall\u0131k g\u00f6zlenen hayvan\u0131n t\u0131rnak aralar\u0131 ve aya\u011f\u0131 y\u0131kan\u0131p, taban, t\u0131rnaklar aras\u0131,<br \/>\n\u00f6k\u00e7eler b\u00f6lgesi ve t\u0131rnak \u00fczeri derisi kontrol edilir. Herhangi bir kanamal\u0131, irinlicerahatli<br \/>\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde b\u00f6lge battikon gibi iyotlu bir antiseptik s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra \u00fczerine<br \/>\nsprey tarz\u0131 bir antibiyotik p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclerek hayvan bol altl\u0131kl\u0131 (25-35 cm kal\u0131nl\u0131kta) bir<br \/>\nb\u00f6lmeye al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ayak Banyosu<\/strong>; ayak ve t\u0131rnak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak, t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak<br \/>\nve ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi etmek amac\u0131 ile hayvanlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclerek i\u00e7inden<br \/>\nge\u00e7irildikleri veya bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde tutulduklar\u0131, i\u00e7i antiseptikli su konulan havuzlar veya<br \/>\nayak du\u015fu ile yap\u0131lan temizlik ve asepsi i\u015flemleridir. \u0130\u015fletmeler genel olarak iki tarzda<br \/>\nayak banyosu kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ayak banyolar\u0131ndan birincisi, i\u00e7inde durulan, banyo havuzu 15 cm derinlikte yap\u0131l\u0131r.<br \/>\nTaban k\u0131sm\u0131 e\u011fimli yap\u0131l\u0131r ve bir tahliye deli\u011fi b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Havuzun taban\u0131n oluklu<br \/>\nbi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131, t\u0131rnaklardaki pisliklerin mekaniksel temizli\u011fine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n<p>Banyodan ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, hayvanlar\u0131n bir m\u00fcddet kuru zemin \u00fczerinde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nBu t\u00fcr banyolar, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilen hayvanlar\u0131n, temiz bir i\u015fletmeye al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce 30-<br \/>\n60 dakikal\u0131k s\u00fcreyle ayak banyosu yapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Di\u011ferinde ise y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek ge\u00e7ilen iki a\u015famal\u0131 banyo yer al\u0131r. Birinci banyo ayaklar\u0131n<br \/>\ntemizli\u011fi i\u00e7in sadece su ihtiva eder. \u0130kinci banyoda ise antiseptikli su bulunur.<br \/>\nAntiseptikli banyo havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisine % 7 &#8211; 10\u2019luk g\u00f6z ta\u015f\u0131 (bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat), % 7 &#8211; 10<br \/>\n\u00e7inko s\u00fclfat veya bu ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sol\u00fcsyonlar<br \/>\nprospekt\u00fcs\u00fcne uygun olarak doldurulur.<\/p>\n<p>Ayak banyolar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmesinde ayak-bacak kirlilik<br \/>\nskorlanmas\u0131ndan yararlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kirli olmayan kuru ve temiz ayak &#8211; bacaklarda<br \/>\ngerekti\u011finde ayak banyosu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kirlilerde ise ineklere her g\u00fcn ayak<br \/>\nbanyosu yapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Genel olarak da ineklerin sa\u011f\u0131mhane giri\u015f veya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda % 4<br \/>\nl\u00fck bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat (g\u00f6zta\u015f\u0131) veya haftada 4 g\u00fcn % 2 bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine d\u00fczenli olarak<br \/>\nbasmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya da banyo ama\u00e7l\u0131 ayak du\u015fu kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Du\u015ftan sonra<br \/>\naya\u011f\u0131na dezenfektan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eap, mavidil gibi viral hastal\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 ayak yaralar\u0131nda ise antiseptik sol\u00fcsyon<br \/>\nolarak; % 1-2 lik sodyum hidroksit, % 3-5\u2019lik sodyum karbonat (\u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r sodas\u0131), % 1-<br \/>\n2\u2019lik sodyum hipoklorit veya % 1-2\u2019lik potasyum hipoklorit\u2019ten herhangi biri<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ayak banyolar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda dikkat edilecek hususlar;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n banyo suyunu i\u00e7memeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden sulanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 gerekir,<\/li>\n<li>Antiseptiklerin t\u0131rnak \u00fczeri k\u0131s\u0131mlardaki deriyi etkilememesi i\u00e7in banyodaki<br \/>\nila\u00e7l\u0131 su y\u00fcksekli\u011finin 8 &#8211; 10 cm\u2019 den fazla olmamas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>Buharla\u015fma ile su kayb\u0131 nedeniyle ila\u00e7 yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne<br \/>\nal\u0131narak, ila\u00e7 etkisi kaybolmayacak, ancak zarar vermeyecek su ilavesi yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Ayakta taban \u00fclseri veya ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131k yaras\u0131 olan hayvanlar iyile\u015fene kadar<br \/>\nbanyo uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Kullan\u0131lan dezenfektanlar\u0131n insan ve \u00e7evre i\u00e7in toksik etkileri olmas\u0131 nedeniyle<br \/>\nayak banyolar\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken eldiven ve g\u00f6zl\u00fck kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Ayak banyolar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan dezenfektanlar\u0131n se\u00e7iminde etkinli\u011fi ve<br \/>\nmaliyetinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra toksitesi ve kal\u0131nt\u0131 s\u00fcresi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Ayak banyosundan ge\u00e7tikten sonra ineklerin ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 sallamalar\u0131, bir veya<br \/>\ndaha fazla aya\u011f\u0131 basmak istememesi veya banyo \u00fczerinden atlamas\u0131 ayak banyolar\u0131nda<br \/>\nsorun oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. T\u00fcm hastal\u0131klarda oldu\u011fu gibi ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131nda<br \/>\nda tedavi \u00e7ok zor ve masrafl\u0131d\u0131r. Her zaman ve her ko\u015fulda en ucuz ve en etkili<br \/>\ntedavinin, hastal\u0131ktan koruma oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0130\u015eLETMEDE TUTULACAK KAYITLAR ve \u0130DARE<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Kay\u0131tlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcr\u00fcdeki en iyi ineklerin se\u00e7ilmesi amac\u0131yla s\u00fct ve s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 verimleri ile ilgili<br \/>\nverilerin toplanmas\u0131na; 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ABD (1893), Danimarka (1895),<br \/>\nAlmanya (1897), Macaristan (1897), Finlandiya (1897), Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130sve\u00e7 (1898) gibi<br \/>\n\u00fclkelerde ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde<br \/>\nmodern i\u015fletmelerde hayvana ait t\u00fcm verim parametrelerinin (s\u00fct, s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131, s\u00fct proteini,<br \/>\net, yemden yararlanma, d\u00f6l verimi, verimli \u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00fcresi, tip \u00f6zellikleri, genetik kusuru<br \/>\nvb.) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sa\u011fl\u0131k (hastal\u0131k, a\u015f\u0131, ila\u00e7, serum ve test uygulamalar\u0131) kay\u0131tlar\u0131 da d\u00fczenli<br \/>\nolarak tutulmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u00fclkemizde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmelerinin hen\u00fcz uluslararas\u0131<br \/>\nstandartlarda \u0131slaha ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fck kay\u0131t tutmay\u0131 i\u00e7selle\u015ftirildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<br \/>\n\u0130\u015fletmedeki hayvanlar; do\u011fumundan s\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc terk edinceye kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcredeki<br \/>\nt\u00fcm bireysel bilgiler, verimlerine ili\u015fkin de\u011ferler, ya\u015fam boyu yap\u0131lan uygulamalar\u0131n<br \/>\ntamam\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netim program\u0131na g\u00fcnl\u00fck\/anl\u0131k kaydedilmeli ve anl\u0131k olarak<br \/>\nizlenebilmelidir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bireysel tan\u0131mlama (hayvan\u0131n; numaras\u0131, do\u011fum tarihi, cinsiyeti, \u0131rk\u0131, annesinin<br \/>\nnumaras\u0131, do\u011fdu\u011fu i\u015fletmenin numaras\u0131)<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede buza\u011f\u0131layan ineklerin buza\u011f\u0131lama tarihi, buza\u011f\u0131lama tipi ve \u015fekli,<\/li>\n<li>Tohumlanan hayvan\u0131n numaras\u0131, bo\u011fan\u0131n ad\u0131 ve numaras\u0131, tohumlama tarihi,<br \/>\ntohumlamac\u0131 ad\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Yem ve yemlemeye ait bilgiler,<\/li>\n<li>Su analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerdeki canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar (do\u011fum, s\u00fctten kesim, 6.ay, 12.ay, ilkine<br \/>\ntohumlanma, sa\u011f\u0131m d\u00f6nemleri, kesim vb.),<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan hayvanlar i\u00e7in tutulan kay\u0131tlar,<\/li>\n<li>Bireysel s\u00fct verimi, s\u00fctteki ya\u011f, protein oran\u0131 ve somatik h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131, beta<br \/>\nkazein (A1, A2), Kappa kazein (AA, AB, BB)<\/li>\n<li>Linear Tan\u0131mlama (tip\/morfoloji) skorlar\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7e\u015fitli fizyolojik d\u00f6nemlerdeki V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skorlar\u0131 (VKS)<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6nemsel lokomosyon skorlar\u0131,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Kirlilik skoru belirlenirken<\/strong>; ineklerde \u00f6n ve arka meme lobu ve ba\u015flar\u0131 ile<br \/>\ndirsekten t\u0131rna\u011fa kadar olan b\u00f6lgelerdeki kirlili\u011fe bak\u0131larak s\u00fcr\u00fc veya bar\u0131nak b\u00f6lmeleri<br \/>\n(kurudakiler, buza\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lmesi gibi) i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunulur(1-5 Skalas\u0131nda; 1-<br \/>\nmeme ve dirsek alt\u0131 temiz, 5- meme ve dirsek d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 veya \u00e7amurla s\u0131val\u0131). 4 ve \u00fczerindeki<br \/>\nkirlilik skorunun, s\u00fcr\u00fcde hayvan refah\u0131 ile meme, \u00fcreme ve ayak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n var<br \/>\noldu\u011funu i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fletmede hayvanlarda Kirlilik Skoru 2\u2019nin alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k ve verimin<br \/>\ng\u00fcvencesidir. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler, dirsek alt\u0131 ve memeye ilave olarak kal\u00e7adaki kirlili\u011fi de<br \/>\nKirlilik Skoruna dahil etmektedirler.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Kuruya \u00e7\u0131karma tarihi,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011fl\u0131k bilgileri (a\u015f\u0131lama, hastal\u0131k, tedavi vb.),<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmedeki t\u00fcm s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc ve kombine \u0131rk\u0131 di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n pedigrilerine, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f<br \/>\n(\u0131slahta ileri) \u00fclkelerdeki gibi kendisi ve ebeveynlerinin tan\u0131mlama (k\u00fcpe numaralar\u0131)<br \/>\nve performans bilgileri eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenmelidir. Hayvan \u0131slah\u0131n\u0131n olmasa olmaz\u0131<br \/>\ns\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc ve kombine \u0131rk\u0131 dam\u0131zl\u0131k di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n karnesi olan pedigrisinde;<\/li>\n<li>Laktasyon De\u011ferleri (305 g\u00fcne g\u00f6re d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f); s\u00fct verimi (kg), s\u00fct<br \/>\nya\u011f\u0131 ve protein oran\u0131 (%) ve s\u00fct ya\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fct protein miktar\u0131 (kg)<\/li>\n<li>Tip Puanlar\u0131; ayak-bacak, beden yap\u0131s\u0131, meme ve sa\u011fr\u0131 skorlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0131rklarda; s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck formu de\u011feri,<\/li>\n<li>Kombine verim y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u0131rklarda ise et\u00e7ilik formu de\u011feri<\/li>\n<li>Verim \u00d6mr\u00fc,<\/li>\n<li>Kondisyonu,<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f6l Verimi,<\/li>\n<li>Somatik H\u00fccre Skoru,<\/li>\n<li>Sa\u011f\u0131m H\u0131z\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lama Kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb.<br \/>\nperformans bilgileri yer almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmedeki et\u00e7i \u0131rk\u0131 di\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n pedigrilerine kendisi ve ebeveynlerinin<br \/>\ntan\u0131mlama ve performans bilgileri eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenmesi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar;<\/li>\n<li>Buza\u011f\u0131lama Kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Fertilitesi,<\/li>\n<li>200-210 G\u00fcnl\u00fck S\u00fct Verimi,<\/li>\n<li>Yavrular\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fum, S\u00fctten Kesim ve 1 Ya\u015f Canl\u0131 A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Verimli \u00d6mr\u00fc,<\/li>\n<li>B\u00fcy\u00fcme Potansiyeli,<\/li>\n<li>Kas ve \u0130skelet Geli\u015fimi,<\/li>\n<li>Ortalama G\u00fcnl\u00fck Canl\u0131 A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k Art\u0131\u015f\u0131 (kg),<\/li>\n<li>Karkas Puan\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Irk Karakteristi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Uysall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>10-100 ba\u015f sa\u011fmal ine\u011fe sahip i\u015fletmelere ayda en az bir kez, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fclere ise buza\u011f\u0131layan ineklerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 haftada en az bir kez<br \/>\nolmak \u00fczere sorumlu veteriner hekim ziyaretinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu<br \/>\nziyaretler, suni tohumlama, do\u011fum veya tedaviye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131dan ayr\u0131, t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve<br \/>\nrefah\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmeye y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130dari Tedbirler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fletme sahibi ve\/veya sorumlusu, farkl\u0131 hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k projeleri i\u00e7inde yer alarak<br \/>\nyerli ve yabanc\u0131 uzmanlardan bir \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenme f\u0131rsat\u0131 ile yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda teknik<br \/>\ngezilere, fuarlara ve e\u011fitimlere kat\u0131lma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, bilin\u00e7lenmeli ve vizyon<br \/>\nsahibi olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131ktaki geli\u015fmeler do\u011frultusunda t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n; birbiriyle iyi<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyde ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fclen e\u011fitim eksiklikleri uygulamal\u0131<br \/>\ne\u011fitimlerle giderilmelidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n kendini geli\u015ftirmesine imkan sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nB\u00f6lgedeki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 i\u015fletmeler takip edilerek, \u00e7\u0131karsamalar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130yi<br \/>\n\u00f6rnekleri de\u011ferlendirmeye almak, bilgi kaynaklar\u0131na ba\u015fvurmak ve uzmanlardan<br \/>\nyard\u0131m almak, ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n olmazsa olmaz\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fletmenin gelir ve gider kay\u0131tlar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 tutulmal\u0131, s\u0131k s\u0131k maliyet analizleri<br \/>\nyap\u0131larak i\u015fletmede gerekli d\u00fczeltmelerin zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayvanlara yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zlenerek, i\u015fini severek yapmas\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nsa\u011flayacak motivasyon ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f\u00e7i de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin hayvanlarda strese yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelemeden hayvan refah\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmayaca\u011f\u0131 bilinmelidir,<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimi, i\u015fletmenin karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde 1. Derecede rol<br \/>\noynamaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u00fct ine\u011fi yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde s\u00fcr\u00fcden<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131karma nedenleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla; infertilite (k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131k), mastitis ve ayak hastal\u0131klar\u0131 olarak<br \/>\ns\u0131ralan\u0131rken en az bunlar kadar \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r olan ya\u015f ise ancak 4. s\u0131rada yer<br \/>\nalmaktad\u0131r. Oysa 30-40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131karma nedenleri aras\u0131nda ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k 1. s\u0131rada<br \/>\nyer almaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fletme sahibi veya sorumlusu zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fine kar\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131,<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara sadece yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin tan\u0131m\u0131 ve gereklerini \u00f6nceden bildirmeli ve onu<br \/>\nistemlidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fletmenin sa\u011f\u0131m ve buza\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131nda hayvanlara daha iyi davranan kad\u0131nlara<br \/>\n\u00f6ncelik verilmelidir.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0130\u015eLETMEDE B\u0130YOG\u00dcVENL\u0130K<\/h3>\n<p><strong>(Hastal\u0131k ve Zararl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00d6nleme) TEDB\u0130RLER\u0130<\/strong><br \/>\nBiyog\u00fcvenlik; hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 etmenlerinin hayvanlardan\/i\u015fletmeden uzak<br \/>\ntutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak tedbirlerin tamam\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavi etmenin maliyeti 90<br \/>\nTL ise koruma maliyetinin 10 TL oldu\u011fu hi\u00e7bir zaman unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Tedavi<br \/>\nmasrafl\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131 her zaman korumdan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Biyog\u00fcvenlik temel ilkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Se\u00e7icilik; enfeksiyon riskini azaltmak i\u00e7in men\u015feini bilmedi\u011finiz hayvanlar\u0131 sat\u0131n almay\u0131n.<br \/>\nSat\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu\/stat\u00fcs\u00fc en az sizdekilerle e\u015fit veya daha y\u00fcksek<br \/>\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fletmenin sa\u011fl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc bir program dahilinde s\u00fcrekli iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nS\u0131k\u0131 izolasyon; sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z hayvanlar i\u015fletmeye geldikten sonra enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klar\u0131n<br \/>\nbula\u015fma riskine kar\u015f\u0131 karantinaya al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Hareket kontrol\u00fc; i\u015fletmeye hastal\u0131k bula\u015ft\u0131rabilecek t\u00fcm insan, hayvan ve ara\u00e7 trafi\u011fi<br \/>\nkontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nSanitasyon; \u00e7iftli\u011fe giri\u015f yapmas\u0131na izin verilen insan, ara\u00e7 ve ekipmanlar\u0131n temizlik ve<br \/>\ndezenfeksiyonu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bu ba\u011flamda b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan i\u015fletmelerinde;<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bar\u0131naklar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131n bak\u0131m ve beslenmelerinde uzmanlar\u0131n<br \/>\n\u00f6nerileri dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 at\u0131k y\u00f6netim sistemi kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletmede zararl\u0131larla (i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f parazit ve kemirgenlerle) m\u00fccadele, bir program<br \/>\ndahilinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Y\u0131ll\u0131k programlar dahilinde t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, parat\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, bruselloz gibi<br \/>\nhastal\u0131klar y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011fl\u0131k durumunu belirleyecek testler yap\u0131lmal\u0131, pozitif<br \/>\nhayvanlar h\u0131zla s\u00fcr\u00fcden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>A\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n, s\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m-beslenmesi ve refah ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yeterli oldu\u011fu<br \/>\ni\u015fletmelerde daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\/netice verdi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlar\u0131n; \u015fap gibi bula\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel hastal\u0131klar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k<br \/>\nd\u00fczeyleri tespit edilerek, y\u0131ll\u0131k programlar dahilinde mutlaka koruyucu olarak<br \/>\na\u015f\u0131lat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Gebeli\u011fin ilk 3 ay\u0131 hassas d\u00f6nem oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ana\u00e7 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir salg\u0131n<br \/>\nhastal\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse tohumlamadan \u00f6nce a\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Hayvanlarda, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 so\u011fuklar, nakliye, s\u00fctten kesme, grup veya<br \/>\nyer de\u011fi\u015ftirme, ani bak\u0131m ve besleme de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ba\u015fl\u0131ca stres fakt\u00f6rleridir.<br \/>\nA\u015f\u0131lamalar, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi\u011fince s\u00fcr\u00fcde stresin en az oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lmaya<br \/>\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Strese maruz kalm\u0131\u015f hayvanlarda, a\u015f\u0131dan beklenen ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k seviyesi<br \/>\nolu\u015famaya bilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Yem ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 at\u0131klar\u0131, idrarla, fare, k\u00f6pek ve yabani hayvanlarla<br \/>\nkontaminasyonu \u00f6nlenmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka i\u015fletmelere veya sorumlulu\u011fu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hayvanlarla<br \/>\ntemas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131nda \u00e7atlak ve yar\u0131klar, elektrik, su ve makine gibi ar\u0131zalar<br \/>\nvakit ge\u00e7irilmeden tamir ettirilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Zemin tabanlar\u0131nda zamanla meydana gelebilecek oyuklar, \u00e7ukurlar, \u00e7atlaklar;<br \/>\nfiziksel yaralanmalara sebep olabilece\u011fi gibi buralarda birikecek d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ve idrar kokuya,<br \/>\nhastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara kaynakl\u0131k edece\u011fi i\u00e7in en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tamir edilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hayvanlara yedirilecek b\u00fct\u00fcn yemler mikroorganizma ve k\u00fcfler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<br \/>\nizlenmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hayvanlara sadece i\u00e7ilebilir nitelikte taze su verilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>Zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan dam\u0131zl\u0131k di\u015fi hayvan sat\u0131n al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r (s\u00fcr\u00fc<br \/>\nkapal\u0131 olmal\u0131),<\/li>\n<li>D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan mevcut s\u00fcr\u00fcye kat\u0131lacak t\u00fcm hayvanlara, karantina tedbirleri tavizsiz<br \/>\nuygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletmeye b\u00fct\u00fcn giri\u015fler (yem, ziyaret\u00e7iler, malzeme, hayvan al\u0131m\u0131 vb.) kay\u0131t<br \/>\nalt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletmede anl\u0131k sa\u011fl\u0131k ve verim kay\u0131tlar\u0131 tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a06 ayl\u0131\u011fa kadar olan buza\u011f\u0131lar, daima yeti\u015fkin hayvanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131ndan uzak<br \/>\ntutulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletmede hasta veya hastal\u0131ktan \u015f\u00fcpheli hayvanlar sa\u011flam hayvanlardan derhal<br \/>\nayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yedi ayl\u0131ktan ileri gebe hayvan ile bir ayl\u0131ktan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck buza\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, koyun-ke\u00e7ilerle ayn\u0131 ortamda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6l\u00fc hayvan kadavralar\u0131, kontamine (bula\u015f\u0131k) yem ve altl\u0131klar usul\u00fcne uygun<br \/>\ng\u00f6m\u00fclmeli veya yak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n i\u015fletmeye girmesi \u00f6nlenmeli, i\u015fletmedeki kedi ve k\u00f6pekler<br \/>\nbir program dahilinde a\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131 i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f parazit m\u00fccadelesi zaman\u0131nda eksiksiz bir<br \/>\n\u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Yem depolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 ve \u00e7evrelerine; ku\u015flar\u0131n gelmesini \u00f6nlemeye d\u00f6n\u00fck, ses<br \/>\n\u00e7\u0131kart\u0131c\u0131 r\u00fczgar g\u00fcl\u00fc gibi cihazlar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Kaba yem ve i\u00e7me sular\u0131 en az y\u0131lda bir kez kimyasal ve biyolojik maddeler<br \/>\ny\u00f6n\u00fcnde analiz edilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn bar\u0131naklar, alet ve ekipmanlar, suluklar, fanlar ve drenaj<br \/>\nkanal\u0131 \u00f6nceden programlanm\u0131\u015f zaman dilimlerinde temizlenip dezenfekte edilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmede kullan\u0131lacak kimyasallar\u0131n (ila\u00e7, dezenfektan, insektisit vb.) se\u00e7iminde<br \/>\nkal\u0131nt\u0131 ve toksik etkileri dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Kullan\u0131lacak ila\u00e7 ve kimyasallar\u0131n kullan\u0131m talimat\u0131na uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>Yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filerin, i\u015fletme sahibi, veteriner hekim ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n; i\u015fletmenin<br \/>\nhaz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu biyog\u00fcvenlik(hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 \u00f6nleme) tedbirlerine riayet etmesi<br \/>\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fccut Kondisyon Skoru uzun s\u00fcre 1,5 alt\u0131nda olan, kronik ve\/veya n\u00fckseden bir<br \/>\nhastal\u0131\u011fa sahip hayvanlar bekletilmeden s\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u015fletmedeki hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in risk olu\u015fturabilecek her bir hastal\u0131k ve<br \/>\nzararl\u0131ya \u00f6zg\u00fc biyog\u00fcvenlik ve kontrol program\u0131 olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>10-100 ba\u015f sa\u011fmal ine\u011fe sahip i\u015fletmelere ayda en az bir kez, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck<br \/>\ns\u00fcr\u00fclere ise buza\u011f\u0131layan ineklerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 haftada en az bir kez<br \/>\nolmak \u00fczere sorumlu veteriner hekim ziyaretinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu<br \/>\nziyaretler, suni tohumlama, do\u011fum veya tedaviye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131dan ayr\u0131, t\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve<br \/>\nrefah\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmeye y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Salg\u0131n veya zoonoz bir hastal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, en seri \u015fekilde il-il\u00e7e g\u0131da tar\u0131m<br \/>\nve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine haber verilmelidir,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0130\u015fletmedeki hayvanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir veteriner hekimin sorumlulu\u011fu<br \/>\nalt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de uzun vadeli en&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4425,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-4407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarim-hayvancilik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4407"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41629,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407\/revisions\/41629"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4407"},{"taxonomy":"manset","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.haberigo.com\/rehber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/manset?post=4407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}